Human Trafficking and Smuggling: The Context and the Implication of the Sudanese Government in the

04:25 PM February, 25 2016

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February 7, 2016

Context

Because of its long open borders with two of its neighbors - Ethiopia and Eritrea – and its strategic position in North Africa, Sudan has become a hub for human trafficking and smuggling. The phenomenon has flourished with the ever increasing number of refugees and the presence of organized criminal groups waiting in the wings to exploit the situation and practice human trafficking. Unfortunately, these criminal groups are mushrooming; thanks to a large extent to government complacence and corruption. The involvement of official government agencies and agents in this human trafficking is evident through the participation, facilitation, and protection of some elements of these agencies in this crime.

Despite the absence of exact figures about the victims of human trafficking across Sudan's eastern borders and the meagre information on traffickers, local and regional human rights organizations and observers have noticed a raise in the number of victims and the activities of traffickers. These increases can be attributed to many reasons including the push and pull factors in both the countries of origin and receiving countries. Chief among the pull factors that prompts the victims to risk their lives when undertaking such journeys, is that Sudan constitutes a springboard and a route to another human trafficking operation that takes the victims to Egypt and Libya and then to Europe. The lack of political stability and absence of border control in Libya, and the flourishing human trafficking between Libya and Sudan, have also encouraged the victims to gamble on the probability of success of such an investment.

The availability of employment in Sudan for the victims of trafficking, notwithstanding the low pay and the unfavorable working conditions, and the affinity of cultures and traditions between the victims’ home and Sudan, are also important pull factors. In addition to these pull factors, the victims have often been pushed from their homeland by the arm conflicts and resulting lack of security for themselves and their families. Other push factors that encourage migration across the boarders are the prevalence of unemployment and absence of hope for the future among the victims and their families.

The migration of Ethiopians and Eritreans into Sudan, either with the objective to take residence or transit onto other destinations, has been in practice for many years. However, recent international attention to human trafficking and refugees’ status, have pushed the Government of Sudan (GoS) to legislate the Human Trafficking Act of 2013 which was passed by the Parliament in March 2014. While this was a positive step and in line with international conventions, recent cases of involvement of the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), the National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS) and the police in human trafficking, raises serious questions about the credibility and commitment of the GoS in the fight against human trafficking and smuggling. Specific cases of these violations will be highlighted later in this article.

The Human Trafficking Act of March 2014, defines the crime of human trafficking as follows:

'The crime of human trafficking will be levelled against any party that lures, kidnaps, transports, shelters, detains or prepares ordinary people with the intention to exploit, or use them to realize illicit gains in exchange for the promise of 1. illegal financial gain or the promise thereof, 2. immaterial gain or privileges, or the promise thereof, 3. the gain of any kind of privilege'.

The Act has also stipulated severe penalties, following conviction, against such criminals. The Act punishes those convicted of such a crime with imprisonment for a minimum of five years and a maximum of twenty years when the crime is committed by a criminal group, or if the victim is a female, child or a disabled person. The same applies if the person convicted is a government employee who has misused his or her authority to commit the crime. The law also stipulates that, if the victim died as a result of the crime, the person convicted faces capital punishment.

The legal definition within the Act clearly identifies the smuggling of people across, or from, the eastern borders of Sudan into Sudanese cities and towns as human trafficking. As such, human traffickers are in clear violation of the 2014 Act as well as the Sudanese immigration and refugee laws.

The increasing desire of Ethiopians and Eritreans to migrate to Sudan has prompted an equal desire among individuals, organized criminal groups and members of the armed and security forces in Sudan to engage in human trafficking. The involvement of the latter often takes the form of direct participation in trafficking or indirectly through facilitation of these operations and securing safe passage to traffickers to transport the victims from refugee camps and/or assembly points on the borders to Khartoum or other towns inside Sudan.

A report published on 18 May 2013 by the Sudan Media Centre (SMC), a pro-government news agency, purported that, according to testimonies of eye witnesses, smuggling of Ethiopians and Eritreans into Sudan is a multi-layered operation that involves human trafficking brokers on both sides of the borders. The brokers inside Ethiopia and Eritrea, in coordination with human traffickers inside Sudan, amass an agreed number of paying victims at a set location on a specific day/time. Through communications with the receiving human traffickers at the Sudan borders, those in Ethiopia and Eritrea transport and handover the victims to their Sudanese counterparts who would in turn transport them on a back route to Khartoum or other towns with help of local guides who know these routes. The report, citing eyewitnesses, also pointed out that those victims who are not be able to pay full dues to the smugglers on both sides of the border are usually left at the border, while those who pay in full are taken, under the cover of darkness, through the remote and rough terrains of the Butana, to the Eastern Nile locality of Khartoum State. A third group of traffickers take the victims from to Khartoum City where shelter and food is provided to them in safe houses.

The Minister of Interior, Lt General Ismat Abdulrahman, while addressing the conference on Human Trafficking in the Horn of Africa convened in September 2014 in Khartoum, said that 70% of the Ethiopian and Eritrean migrants had come from refugee camps to take residence in the cities and towns of Sudan. Here they are vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. He demanded substantial improvements in the living conditions in the refugee camps to discourage these refugees from fleeing them.

The Role of Members of GoS Forces in Human Trafficking and Smuggling

It is unconceivable that complex human trafficking operations, whether they start from within refugee camps in Sudan’s eastern states or across the international borders with Ethiopia and Eritrea, could be accomplished without the protection of some elements of the GoS forces that guard the borders, the refugee camps and the 24/7 check points along all major routes inside Sudan. Eye-witnesses have recounted many stories where some elements of these forces collaborate with, and provide protection for, human traffickers and in some cases practicing human trafficking themselves.

One clear example of a member of GoS forces being complicit in human trafficking was reported by local media in 2014, when a Major in the SAF, was arrested by Military Intelligence (MI) personnel at alKhayari checkpoint located on the borders between AlGadarif and Gezira. The SAF Major was in a private vehicle, in full military uniform, when he tried to smuggle four Ethiopian females across the checkpoint. Following a skirmish with the MI officers when faced with the human trafficking allegation, he was led to the Fao town police station and charged with violating the immigration and human trafficking laws. He was later convicted and sentenced to a six-month suspended imprisonment and a fine of ten thousand Sudanese Pounds (SDG).

In another similar incident, a Sudanese citizen was arrested driving a privately registered station wagon vehicle, accompanied by a SAF Captain in a military uniform, while smuggling a group of Ethiopians females. According to official notes and eyewitness statements, the two men were regular smugglers of refugees and the presence of the SAF Captain in uniform inside the vehicle, was intended to provide protection and guarantee a safe passage through checkpoints. Fortunately, the MI received intelligence about the involvement of the Captain and his companion in previous human trafficking operations and accordingly stopped and arrested the suspects at the checkpoint. However, because of the influence and connection of the Captain, he was later released under the pretext that he was not the owner of the vehicle used to commit the crime, did not know any of the Ethiopian females in the vehicle and it could not be proven that he was in the vehicle to provide protection.

Testimonies of the Human Trafficking Victims

It was not easy to gather information about human trafficking and smuggling in Sudan because of the victims’ fear of reprisal by those involved in the operations, especially security forces. Also due to the trauma experienced, some of the victims prefer not to recount their stories. However, it is important to understand from the victims the challenges they faced during their journeys, the financial cost and the parties involved. From such testimonies, some of the darker corners of human trafficking have been illuminated. It’s also become evident that victims often face similar situations and challenges, as illustrated by the two stories detailed below.

An Eritrean victim of human trafficking, who currently sells tea at a street corner in a Sudanese town, said that she had been planning for a long time to migrate to Italy via Sudan and Libya. With the help of her family and friends, she managed to raise the equivalent of USD $1000 to cover the cost of the Ethiopian and Sudanese human traffickers, the transport and food. She paid USD $300 to the Eritrean smugglers to transport her with other victims to the Sudanese border and from there, she walked across the border to Shajarab Refugee Camp - located south of the Sudanese town of Kassala. Once inside the camp, she submitted an application to secure refugee status, but did not receive a reply for two months. When the situation became unbearable in the camp, she contacted an Eritrean acquaintance who had good connections with Sudanese traffickers, to arrange for her trip to Khartoum. After negotiating, she paid 500 SDG to the Eritrean mediator and 1,500 SDG to the Sudanese human traffickers.

The journey to Khartoum started at dusk, in the back of a Toyota truck together with nine other victims (three females and six males). The vehicle travelled at high speed across the bumpy dirt road until it stopped at midnight at a mud house in a remote village not far from Khartoum. The victims were told to stay inside the house at all times and never to venture outside. At sunset the following day, a Sudanese and an Ethiopian came to the house in a mini-bus and drove them to AJiraif neighborhood in Khartoum State, where they were distributed across a number of safe houses for shelter with other previously smuggled victims from Ethiopia and Eritrea. The new victims were asked to pay 250 SDG (the equivalent of $60) for the cost of transportation from the last stop and to cover accommodation and meals for the first day at the safe house. As she did not have enough money for the rent, she was kicked out of the safe house within a few weeks. She then moved to another part of Khartoum where she was able to find work as a helper to a tea seller. She is now settled and relatively better-off as she managed to learn Arabic, which helped her to find a better job, but she has abandoned the dream of traveling to Europe due to the high cost demanded by human traffickers.

The other account comes from an Ethiopian victim who used to work as a security guard for a Sudanese businessman in Ethiopia. He told a Sudanese co-worker about his desire and intention to travel to Sudan and, eventually, to Europe. The co-worker introduced him to an Ethiopian smuggler, who demanded USD $400 to arrange for his journey from the Ethiopian town of Shahidi to Khartoum, without passing through any of the refugee camps. When he reached Abu Ghamul, on the Ethiopian-Sudanese border, he was met by two Sudanese government officials from the border control. They put him into a vehicle, with other victims, to transport them directly to Khartoum. The journey ended at a poultry farm in the outskirts of Khartoum, which he later found out belonged to the same businessman that he used to work for in Ethiopia. The victim currently works at a farm but is not happy with the monthly pay, the work restrictions and the unknown immigration status. This situation has increased his determination to save enough money to continue his journey to Europe via Libya.

These testimonies, and many other similar accounts, of victims of trafficking across the eastern Sudanese borders, reveal the great difficulties and challenges they face in their journeys to Khartoum and other towns in Sudan. Most of the victims complained about the behavior of the human traffickers on both sides of the borders. Victims reported being robbed and left in remote areas by the smugglers after disagreements with brokers or drivers. An excuse used by the human traffickers for abandoning the victims is the presence of patrols or checkpoints. When they do get stopped by a patrol, more money is demanded from the victims before they are allowed to continue their journey to Khartoum. If any victim refuses to oblige, they are subjected to punishments such as work without pay. Female migrants are particularly vulnerable to sexual harassment, assault and even rape.

In addition to untold suffering at the hands of human traffickers and the evident role played by Sudanese officials and regular forces, the testimonies also reveal two other kinds of criminal activity, namely labour and sexual exploitation.

• Labour exploitation
The rise in the volume of human trafficking and smuggling have led to a sharp increase in the number of Ethiopians and Eritreans in Sudan and the high supply of cheap labor in the labor market. Many employers have exploited this high supply in multiple ways. Apart from the low wages, victims are not afforded legally binding employment contracts, health insurance, holidays and sick leave. They are also often subjected to demeaning and harsh treatment, long work hours, and termination of their employment without notice and compensation. In the absence of GoS protection, the victims realize that they have no option other than to endure these conditions in order to survive and pay their bills.

• Sexual exploitation
Sexual exploitation, often of women and young girls, is one of the worst and most alarming consequences of human trafficking and smuggling. These female victims, especially those employed as domestic workers, usually rely on their male employers for protection from immigration laws. However, such a need for protection puts them at the mercy of those very employers who can sexually, verbally and physically assault them. Their vulnerability is increased by being in a patriarchal society that discriminates against them simply for being female and Ethiopian or Eritrean. The situations that these women are exposed to, in some cases pushes them to work as prostitutes - especially when it is difficult to find decent work to earn a living. This leads to further maltreatment, and in some cases injury, illness and death.

However, many of the refugees interviewed said that, despite the dangers they faced, the exploitation they had to endure at the hands of their smugglers and employers, the high financial cost and the physical and psychological hardships, the migration to Sudan and to Europe was certainly worth the sacrifice. To them, arriving in Khartoum as their first destination en route to Europe, means their dream is just beginning to come true.

Key Measures to Combat Human Trafficking

Sudan, as a host country for victims of human trafficking, has certain responsibilities, the most salient of which is to apprehend and prosecute the individuals and groups involved in these crimes. When the culprits are government officials or members of the armed forces, police and NISS, the punishment must be more severe to deter such practice.

Protecting, hosting and helping victims of human trafficking and smuggling can only be upheld when the anti-trafficking international and regional conventions and regulations are fully incorporated in the constitution and the law of the land and implemented. Sudan must abide by the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, ratified by the GoS on 10 December 2004, and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, ratified by the GoS in December 2014. The importance of these international responsibilities and commitments was reiterated at the conference on Human Trafficking in the Horn of Africa that was organized by the African Union (AU) in collaboration with the Government of the Sudan, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and convened in Khartoum in September 2014. Being the first of its kind, the conference attracted a wide gamut of African and Western participations. The Khartoum Declaration required the GoS to strictly observe the recommendations, strategies and work plans of the conference which include the following;

1- A call to all participating countries to ratify the regional and international agreements on human trafficking and smuggling.
2- A call to develop close cooperation and coordination between all regional and international parties to implement the recommendations of the conference.
3- A call to participants’ government to incorporate rules and regulation intended to fight human trafficking, in their overall economic and social development policies and programs.

Conclusion

The alarming raise in human trafficking and smuggling, on national, regional and international levels, coupled with evident roles of government officials and members of SAF, police and NISS, require an honest discourse and discussion of this crime. A more comprehensive approach to addressing this phenomenon and its fallouts is to involve the victims, their families, civil society organizations and the public at large. This is especially true in light of the questionable determination of the GoS in combating this crime.


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• Sudan’s president attends an AU summit in Johannesburg: Sudan’s Minister confirms
• Sudan’s president and his Eritrean counterpart review the bilateral relations and other issues
• German contributes €1 million to the 2015 Sudan Common Humanitarian Fund
• The main goal is achieving the peace in Sudan’s Blue Nile State: the governor
• Sudan’s opposition argues (EU) Parliament to pursue peace process and democratic reforms
• World Bank’s delegation visits Sudan’s Kordofan to identify the areas of the Arabic gum
• Sudan’s President arrives in Egypt to participate in COMESA summit
• No tangible progress made towards settling Darfur’s dispute: U.N Secretary-General
• Britain’s ambassador confirms his government's support for the dialogue
• South Sudan’s rebels acquire the weapons through Sudan: The Small Arms Survey
• Sudan’s parliament review adding five representatives from it to the Council of Press and Publicati
• Emirati Company expresses its desire to acquire 2.4 million acres of land in Sudan
• UNHCR deeply concerned about abduction of asylum-seekers in eastern Sudan
• UN expresses its grave concern over the security and humanitarian situation in South Sudan
• Sudan participate in African neighboring countries conference
• Russia supports Sudan militarily to combat terrorism
• Sudan president to visit Beijing in response to his Chinese counterpart invitation
• Ending of suspension of 4 newspapers next week: Sudan’s Information Minister
• Sudan’s president visits Cairo in the next week
• Darfur Regional Authority discuss with Al Mahmoud implementation of DDPD
• Sudan’s president announces d amnesty for rebels who want to participate in the dialogue
• Islamic Relief League opens a new station to provide drinking water in Sudan’s Al-Obeid city
• More than 30 countries and organizations participate in the swearing-in ceremony of Sudan’s preside
• AU stresses its full commitment to support Sudan’s postal sector
• Sudan’s Popular Congress Party adheres not to participate in the next government
• USAID provides $ 53 million to the needy Sudanese
• UNHCR supports Gedaref State to combat human trafficking
• EU concerned about violence, calls for calm and humanitarian access in East Darfur
• ICC judges hold roundtable meeting with United Nations Special Representative for Sexual Violence i
• Fresh tribal conflict in Sudan’s East Darfur resulting in numerous deaths
• Sudan’s opposition figure scoffs at the ruling party’s insistence not to take place the national di
• Sudan's National Dialogue Committee stresses the importance of the process
• U.S. Condemns Violence in Sudan
• Military activities in South Sudan’s Unity state forced up to 100,000 people from their homes: UN
• U.S expresses its gravely concerned about the continuing fighting in Sudan’s parts
• Ethiopian Ambassador to Khartoum describes relations between the countries a model in the region
• Sudan’s ruling party announces its commitment to the national dialogue
• Joint Local Statement on the accession by the Republic of South Sudan to Human Rights conventions
• Sudan summons South Sudanese Ambassador to ask about disappearance of the local staff
• Sudan invites the head of AU Commission to attend the swearing in of Al- Bashir
• South Sudan's government and rebels fail to make compromises: U.S. Kerry
• Sudanese authorities bans human rights activist from leaving the country
• Sudan stresses the importance of using the Africa’s history for educational purposes
• Egyptian President praises the deep rooted relations between his country and Sudan
• If South Sudan's leaders do not show willingness to peace talks they have to face consequences: UN
• The upcoming government will involve the parties that participated in the elections: Sudan’s ruling
• Sudan slams (UNAMID) for neglecting to take responsibility for the attack in Darfur
• Sudan’s ruling party describes EU and US stances on the elections as “unjustifiable”
• Statement attributable to the Spokesman of the Secretary-General on Darfur
• UN voices deep concern about the recent attacks on (UNAMID) in Sudan’s Darfur
• Sudan’s president told Troika that his country will not accept guardianship from any nation
• Sudan says it’s ready to cooperate with friendly countries in all fields
• The dialogue would proceed without conditions or dictates from any party: Sudan’s president
• EU expresses its strong dissatisfaction with the deadly war in South Sudan
• Sudan’s president stresses Troika position on the elections will not affect the national dialogue
• Completing of projects financed by Kuwaiti grant in Sudan’s eastern states
• South Sudanese opposition leader says his home surrounded by security personnel
• Sudan rebels claim repulsing attack in Blue Nile
• Sudan’s Bashir says foreign criticism will not affect polls
• Cooking gas and bread crises continue in Sudan
• Nearly 8 million children in Sudan to be vaccinated against measles
• Sudan’s president fails to get clearance to fly in airspace to travel to Indonesia
• Sudan’s al-Turabi leads Islamic initiative to persuade Yemeni parties to the dialogue
• USAID provides $ 135 million in aid to Sudan
• European Union promotes open society and democracy in Sudan
• The meeting of UNAMID exit strategy from Sudan’s Darfur resumes
• We will not recognize the elections’ results: Sudan’s opposition
• Khartoum and Cairo to double the capital of the Egyptian-Sudanese Agricultural Integration Company
• Sudanese human rights defender detained on baseless charges and others at risk after armed raid on
• The AUEOM Preliminary Report on the Sudan General Elections
• Press Statement of the African Union Election Observation Mission to Sudan
• Port Sudan police releases election candidates
• UNICEF strongly denounces death of 10 children in South Kordofan
• Sudan used cluster bombs in South Kordofan: HRW
• One-third of Sudanese people vote in the elections: AU
• AU announces stability of Sudan's elections
• Sudan’s President phones Saudi King to discus many issues
• Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (North) statement for boycotting the farcical elections in Sudan
• Detentions, civil society closures, media restrictions on eve of Sudan elections Sudan lacks conduc
• The final arrangements for the opening of border crossing between Sudan and Ethiopia
• Sudan tells EU that transparency of the elections decided by Sudanese only
• African Union sends 50-member delegation to observe Sudan’s elections
• Rebels ambush Sudan forces in Blue Nile
• Sudan’s Foreign Minister visits Turkey to discuss many issues
• No conducive environment for credible election: EU, Sudan Troika
• Release of (4) abducted children in Sudan’s Abyei: UNICEF reveals
• Anti-election rallies blocked, students detained in Khartoum
• ICC President meets United Nations Secretary-General in New York
• Sudan pushes back elections n South Kordofan state
• SOUTH SUDAN and ETHIOPIA REFUGEES CAMPS:Declaration document for elections boycott
• Anti-election campaign scares population of South Kordofan
• Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization celebrate
• Six students, one poet detained in El Obeid and Khartoum
• There is any direction to postpone the elections whatsoever: Sudan’s ruling party
• African Union High Level Implementation Panel on Sudan and South Sudan Press Release 1 April 2015
• Sudan rebels ready to repel new govt. offensive in South Kordofan
• A meeting of the leaders of the Abyei community in Addis Ababa on April
• Sudan’s Darfur’s Nyala to be monitored by electronic surveillance
• Sudanese security agents beat up lawyers in Khartoum
• Khartoum briefs Doha on N'Djamena agreement with one of Darfur’ rebel’s faction
• Sudan and UNICEF sign Joint Country Programme of Cooperation Agreement
• Sudanese nationals assaulted in Yemen
• Sudan’s Army dismisses reports that Yemen’s Houthi shot down Sudanese jet fighter
• Sudan govt. not serious about National Dialogue: rebel leader
• The rebel SPLM-N committed sabotage actions in South Kordofan: Sudanese army says
• Sudan rebels claim attack on Habila garrison in South Kordofan
• Egypt waits Sudan’s invitation to the National Committee on the Ethiopian dam
• Sudan puts 4 jet fighters and 6,000 military troops at the disposal of Saudi Arabia
• Sudan’s President praises efforts seeking to activate the joint Arab action
• After claiming to down Saudi coalition plane, Houthis say they're holding Sudanese pilot
• New witnesses heard in case against Sudan's opposition figures
• Rebels led by Machar announces that the killed 38 government soldiers in Jonglei and Unity states.
• U.S Company fined USD 232.7 mln for transactions with Sudan and Iran
• In Sudan, an unlikely path to jihad for students
• Sudan closes Iranian offices and representations in the country
• Darfur Regional Authority head warns of Islamic State scenario in Darfur
• Sudan’s opposition refuses to participate in the pre-dialogue meeting in Addis
• Schlumberger fined $232.7mn for breaking Iran, Sudan sanctions
• Sudanese govt. responsible for tribal violence: Darfur Bar
• U.S. calls on South Sudanese parties to resume peace talks
• Sudan Troika welcomes preparatory dialogue meeting
• 6 million dollars from UN to draft Sudan’s security community
• AU Panel invites Sudan govt., opposition to Addis Ababa
• Pre-dialogue” meeting without conditions between Sudan’s government and opposition forces in Addis
• Bakeries close, water outage in Sudan’s capital
• Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan sign Nile agreement
• Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan sign agreement on Renaissance Dam
• Joint Statement on the National Dialogue in Sudan by U.S. State Department
• Security agents thwart anti-election forum in Port Sudan
• South Sudan Rebel Group Releases Child Soldiers
• Nine medical students were born in UK and studied medicine in Sudan
• Missing British-Sudanese medics had humanitarian motives
• Foreign intelligence finance terrorist groups: Sudan’s Vice President
• France denies Darfur rebel leader Nour the permanent residence in its territory: Sudan’s Foreign Mi
• International agents behind Arab, African extremism
• Sudan plans to disband camps in secure West Darfur
• Sudan’s ruling party denies use of the State resources in its electoral programmes
• Contaminated medical waste alert in Sudan’s capital
• Land travels between Sudan and Ethiopia starts in April
• Large quantity of drugs destroyed in eastern Sudan
• SISSA to meet in Khartoum to discuss the economic sanctions effects on the security in Africa
• Nine British medics enter Isis stronghold to work in hospitals
• South Sudan Factions Recruit Thousands of Child Soldiers
• The Regional Authority announces approaching of the compensations for affected people in Darfur
• Sudanese students leave to join Islamic State
• Note by the Sudanese opposition organizations in the Diaspora
• South Sudan warlord offers abducted boys sit exams - UN envoy
• Population Under Pressure in South Sudan Opposition Territory
• China supplies South Sudan with weapons to protect its oil fields
• South Sudan rebels say civil war will go on
• Sudan: don't tie Darfur peacekeepers exit to tribal violence end
• Al Bashir pardons five JEM-Sudan convicts
• 500, 000 dollars from FAO to support agriculture in Sudan
• Sudan hit by severe shortage of flour
• Sudan’s army says that it killed 60 rebels in fighting in Southern Kordofan
• Sudan describes the agreement on Ethiopia dam as an important achievement
• Five dead, three injured in Darfur shootings
• China describes its relationship with Sudan as a model must be followed
• Sudanese popular and official delegations conduct dialogue with U.S. lobbies on sanctions
• Trial of 19 Darfur rebels starts in Sudan’s capital
• Indonesia invites Sudan’s president to attend Bandung Summit
• One dead, two injured in new fire at Bindisi camp, Central Darfur
• We show the world that the elections will be free and fair: Sudanese National Elections
• Sudan opposition, govt. still at odds on election
• Al-Bashir discusses with Mufti of Croatia position of Muslim minorities
• Call for Sudan to stop recruiting minors in South Kordofan
• Sudan’s Vice President calls for completing of the tribal reconciliations in Darfur
• SPLM-N leadership: Sudan Deserves a New Peace
• Specialist shortage sees cancer rise in Sudan
• South Sudan’s government says it does not want ‘Troika’ countries to be included in the peace talks
• Sudan’s Profs demand justice for slain student
• $ 68 million from the Kuwaiti Fund for Sudanese water project
• Sustainable fisheries project launched for Sudan’s Red Sea State
• Sudanese army says it repels SPLM-N attack on Southern Kordofan
• Sudan’s president invites his Egyptian counterpart to sign a document on the Ethiopian dam
• Sudan’s ruling party welcomes Berlin Declaration
• ICC moves intended to disrupt the elections: Sudan’s parliament
• Norway and UNIDO launch a € 4,8 million project for the sustainable management of marine fisheries
• S. Sudan Braces for Sanctions as Economy Limps
• Sudan’s Popular Congress Party rejects any foreign interference the dialogue
• ICC Trial Chamber I joins the cases concerning Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé
• Khartoum hosts Sudanese-Ethiopian Joint Economic Committee meetings
• Six new judges sworn in today at the seat of the International Criminal Court
• Sudan’s ruling party thanks German for sponsoring the Berlin Conference
• UNICEF expresses its concern about the children situations in Sudan
• Al-Bashir vows to complete the development in eastern Sudan
• Students protest in Dongola, northern Sudan
• Pre-Trial Chamber II informs the United Nations Security Council about Sudan’s non-cooperation in t
• The Secretary-General Remarks at the opening session of the Commission on the Status of Women
• US condemns lack of "political leadership" to resolve South Sudan's war
• Sudan’s President participates in the Egypt Economic Development Conference
• Sudan participates in the Arab Ministerial Council in Cairo
• Ongwen case: Confirmation of charges hearing postponed to 21 January 2016
• Six newly elected ICC judges to be sworn in on 10 March 2015
• South Sudan:76 organizations call for publication of AU Inquiry Report as deadline for peace passe
• Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia reach an agreement on sharing of Nile waters and Ethiopian Dam
• Sudanese army is preparing for the crush of the rebellion
• A presidential pardon to release Sudan’s opposition figures within days
• Sudan’s president urges the parties to overcome differences about the Ethiopian dam
• Lubanga case: ICC Appeals Chamber amends the Trial Chamber’s order for reparations to victims
• Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on the South Sudan Peace Proce
• Trial postponed against Leave! campaigners in eastern Sudan
• Berlin Declaration will not affect the dialogue or elections: Sudan government
• Darfur’s NLJM announces that will participate in the elections
• We will achieve peace this year by negotiation or war: Sudan’s president
• UNAMID announces that it will cut 770 civilian jobs
• Tripartite Commission of the Ethiopian Dam meets in Khartoum
• About (3) million foreigners entered the country illegally: Sudanese Interior Ministry
• Displaced leaders asked to vote for Sudan's ruling party
• Khartoum and Addis Ababa agree to start public transport service
• Civil society to Germany: Sudan continues atrocities
• China sees no "logic" behind US-drafted resolution on South Sudan
• Sudanese tribesmen request reconciliation mechanism
• Sudan’s president stresses the opposition’s inability to block the elections
• Sudan admits children lack iodine
• U.N extends peacekeeping force in disputed area of Abyei
• Airlines threaten to suspend Khartoum, Port Sudan flights
• 16,000 Ugandan deploy on the Sudan-South Sudan borders
• Tortured Hausa prisoners released in eastern Sudan
• Freedoms severely curtailed in Sudan in 2014: Amnesty
• I’m ready to “leave” if the people decided that through elections: Sudan’s president
• Liberation of Kuhliyat garrison 5 km west Kadugli city
• Bashir: Iranian centers closed to protect Sudan
• Statement of the ICC Prosecutor at a press conference in the Central African Republic
• Sudan’s Main Opposition Parties to Boycott April Election
• US presents UN draft resolution on imposing sanctions in South Sudan
• Security detains anti-dam activist in northern Sudan
• Sudan's Interior Minister meets with the Speaker of Ethiopian Parliament
• National Congress Party official killed in eastern Sudan
• Sudan’s opposition heads to Berlin to discuss the country’s crises
• South Sudan rivals open 'final' peace talks
• African Refiners Association ARA meets in Cape Town from March 16 to 20 - 2015
• After harrowing journey, Sudanese asylum seeker freed from Israeli detention center
• Sudanese Refugee Sue Moviemakers
• Kuwait's Zain seeks to repatriate $280 mln from Sudan
• Sudan suggests many investment projects for UAE businessmen
• National Liberation and Justice Party launched in Sudan’s capital
• Sudan’s court refuses to release opposition leaders on a regular bail
• Sudan: Court session against Abu Eisa, Madani turns into political rally
• Egypt never stopped communicating with Nile basin countries: Egyptian Ambassador to Sudan
• Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia receive offers for Nile dam studies
• Offers from firms to conduct technical studies on the Ethiopian dam
• Mass deportation starts at new dam sites in eastern Sudan
• Kuwait hands out payments to Sudanese orphans
• Military staff beats pregnant woman in Tabit, North Darfur
• Kidnapping of (89) boys older than 12 in South Sudan: UNICEF
• Darfur rebels kill soldiers in central Jebel Marra
• Darfur authority stresses that improvement of U.S-Sudanese relations will bring peace
• Central Darfur's displaced without shelter after fire
• Sudan’s president addresses the Speakers of Parliaments of IGAD
• The fighting in Darfur displaced more than 41,000 since late December: UN
• Two Russia abducted in Darfur’s Sudan are alive: Moscow
• Tribal reconciliation talks begin in Sudan
• Sudan’s president calls on Russian and American investors to invest in the country
• Dozens injured as Sudanese students clash
• Brig. Gen. John Mabieh vowed to take Malakal town by 9th March this year
• Arab Journalists Union decries Sudanese crackdown on newspapers
• FAO teams up with the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands and provides about USD 1 mill
• Independent Civil Society in Sudan stage a one-day sit in and suspension of work
• South Sudan Warns Media Not to Publish Rebel Interviews
• Sudanese press massacred in Khartoum
• Sudan’s journalists protest against confiscation of (14) papers
• Sudan denounces beheading of 21 Egyptians by Islamic State in Libya
• Northern Sudan farmlands sold to Syrian investor
• Sudanese journalist disappears under mysterious circumstances
• Sudan’s Women Union, Darfur Centre welcome HRW report
• Sudan meets an international team to discuss an exit strategy of UNAMID
• Political delegation in Tabit scares residents
• IGAD's Inter-Parliamentary Union convenes its meeting in Khartoum
• 38,600 displaced in Darfur in a month: OCHA
• Sudan security detains man at North Darfur market
• Leave! campaign to be intensified: Umma Party official
• Launch of Sudanese electronic gateway project
• Beja Congress to Sudan’s ruling party: ‘Our patience has run out’
• 3 million dollar support from Finland for the needy in Sudan
• Activists oppose Sudanese govt. officials visit to USA
• US, UK and Norway calls South Sudanese factions to reach a final peace agreement
• Karti visit to Washington has nothing to do with Merriam Ibrahim issue: Sudan says
• Students clash in Omdurman, several seriously wounded
• US Secretary of State is pressing for a UN vote creating an arms embargo on South Sudan
• Gunmen steal cash from stores in South Darfur capital
• Firewood collectors assaulted in Kabkabiya, North Darfur
• Boy burns to death in attack on villages in North Darfur
• Thirst in North Darfur’s Shangil Tobaya camps
• MP demands rule of law restored in North Darfur
• Sudanese Journalists Union rejects confiscation of the newspapers
• Sudan’s Ministry of Culture orders the closure of the Sudanese Writer’s Union
• Red Sea state, eastern Sudan, imposes tourism support fees
• Sudan’s government warns those who seek to disrupt the elections
• Sudan: Detention of Abu Eisa, Madani extended for two weeks
• AU mediation puts forward a new approach to negotiations in Sudanese conflict
• Sudanese opposition starts Leave! campaign
• Press Release from Sudanese Writers Union (SWU)
• Liberation and Justice Movement -LJM apology to people of Darfur
• 400 JEM faction combatants to merge with Sudan army
• EU expresses its concern at the difficulties facing Sudan’s national dialogue
• More bombs fall on Golo, Central Darfur
• Sudanese court renews detention of opposition leader
• Sudanese El Midan gagged for 10th time
• 10th anniversary of The Massacre marked in Port Sudan
• USAID, BRAC Launch Project to Reach Out-of-School Children in South Sudan
• Africa Union Peace and Security Council stands in the way of Justice in South Sudan
• Former Sudan Lost Boy Becomes Chess Master in NYC
• Police shoots two bus passengers in eastern Sudan
• Re: Sudanese-Chinese talks convened today in Khartoum
• West Darfur girls’ team wins national basketball cup
• Ministry has spent donor money: angry MPs in eastern Sudan
• Integration of more than (5,000) soldiers in eastern Sudan
• Darfur JEM refuses to participate in South Kordofan military operations
• Sudan’s Assistant of President attributes the Two Areas crisis to the negatives accompanied the las
• Appearance of unknown fever accompanied by bleeding in a number of Sudan’s states: Health Ministry
• ​ The SPLM-N Statement at the Opening Session of the Addis Ababa Negotiation on November 12, 2014
• Beja Congress Condemns Rape of Women in Darfur
• Eastern Sudan leader warns for Darfur scenario in the region
• Sudan Eastern Front to dismiss leaders: spokesman
• Developments in South Sudan Conflict: Small Arms and Light Weapons in South Sudan and Sudan: Is tha
• Water crisis in Sudan’s Red Sea state, new hemorrhagic fever cases
• Sudan acknowledges significant increase in human trafficking
• Presentation by the Independent Expert on the Situation of Human Rights in Sudan
• US discusses resettlement of Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees in eastern Sudan
• Eastern Sudan ex-combatants ‘lose confidence’ in leaders
• Torrents, floods destroy homes, isolate villages in Darfur, eastern Sudan
• Humanitarian disaster in Red Sea State: eastern Sudan MP
• Canada contributes 5 million dollars to support fighting hunger in Sudan
• Deputy in Parliament: landmines kill 80 persons in eastern Sudan
• Leaders in Beja congress request ouster of Presidential assistant
• Democratic Unionist group to cooperate with Sudan Revolutionary Front
• ‘No room for Sudan Revolutionary Front in peace talks’: Ghandour
• Million signatures campaign to remove governor, protests in eastern Sudan
• Sudan’s 2015 elections: an ominous deja vu؟
• Sudan man’s search for better life dies in desert
• Protesting student in Port Sudan imprisoned
• 9 Sudanese migrants die, 300 rescued in Libya desert
• Comprehensive solution requires rebuilding of Sudan: United People's Front
• Rebel SRF road map towards National Dialogue Sudan
• 'UN missions fail to grasp Darfur, Sudan conflict': human rights activist
• Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader visits Khartoum
• Eastern Sudan Alliance warns against influx of refugees
• Khartoum suspends U.N. refugee aid program in east Sudan
• Sudan Human Rights and Humanitarian Bulletin for February 2014
• Unknown planes launch strikes on convoy of arms smugglers in eastern Sudan
• Sudan’s Humanitarian Aid Commission suspends the International Committee of the Red Cross’ operatio
• Thousands of South Sudanese head home from Sudan
• More than half a million people affected by flooding in Sudan

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