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 Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه (Re: عرفات حسين)
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هذه نسخه من 4 صفحات لتسهيل قراتها
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passing on to Wingate exact information about thewho had headed the
rebellion.'“This was in effect a turning-point in British policy towards the
neo-Mahdiyya, which led to a major controversy alter the war ended.
Declarations of loyalty to Britain signed by religious and tribal leaders
in Sudan and addressed to Wirrgate poured in from all parts of the country.
The letter-writers revealed a decided apathy towards the Ottoman Caliph's
call for jilurd and stressed the economic prosperity and religious freedom
the inhabitants of Sudan enjoyed." On 9 November 1914 the Sudan Tum
published an article, signed by ‘a Muslim Notable‘, accusing Germany of
having misled the inexperienced rulers of Turkey; the proof was that
Turkey had declared a holy war ( on Britain, ‘the only country in the
world which had proved her unreserved sympathy for Islam’. The article
was devoted mainly to an analysis of the difference between jihad and awar
caused by political factors. The writer explained that the present war was
being fought between Christian countries and had no religious implications
for Muslims. He therefore addressed himself to the religious leaders of
Sudan, urging them to explain to Sudanese Muslims, most of whom were
ignorant, that the war was not a holy war and therefore had no significance
for the Muslims."
In 1916 Wingate and his Private Secretary Stewart Symes prepared a
memorandum on the political situation in Sudan. After a brief historical
survey of the Turco-Egyptian regime and the Mahdist state, there followed
a detailed description of the principles that guided the gov-
ernment and their implementation since the establishment of the Condo-
minium in 1899. The authors stressed that the government of Sudan was
decidedly British, since the Egyptians carried out only minor functions
withinit.Asproofofthesuccessofthispolicytheydrewatientiontothe
peaceful atmosphere that had reigned in Sudan since the outbreak of the
war, emphasizing that this calm would continue ‘so lg as the population
knows that their religious interests are being preserved intact and that the
present Government is permanenti” In an address in the House of Lords
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clearly how successfully the policy of alliance adopted by the British had started
to pay off. During the meeting between the delegation and the British King
George, Abd al-Rahaman al-Mahdi chose to present his father's sword as a sign
of loyalty.
Abdel Rahman al-Mahdi was instrumental in convincing some 500 religious
and tribal chiefs to sign the Book of Loyalty in l9l5 as a gesture of support to
Britain against Turkey. He was given additional land on Abba Island and a loan
of £4,500 that was later forgiven. ln a significant development, the young Mahdi
was permitted to reprint the Rarib (the al-Mahdi prayer book) as early as 1921;
and by I933 he had 13,000 feddans (afeddan = 1.038 acres, or .042 hectares)
under cultivation. His annual income was estimated at between £l5,000 and
£40,000 with a labotu force of 4,500 people. By 1936 and by all standards, ‘he
was economically prosperous and politically importanti“ Though al-Mahdi was
the most successfiil, the same policy was adopted towards other religious leaders.
Ali al-Mirghani was given land on the Red Sea and northem Sudan and al-Sharif
Yusuf Al-Hindi (the third religious leader who also joined the 1919 delegation),
was given land in Gezira to be utilized for agricultural development.
Another group that benefited economically was the tribal chiefs, whose powers
were enhanced through the two ordinances of 1922 and I927 which gave the tribal
######### a measure of autonomy, enabling them to manage the affairs of their com-
munities as long as they maintained their loyalty to the government, implemented
its policies, and ensured the collection of taxes. Thus the power of the state was
used effectively to consolidate the regime by extending help to religious and tribal
leaders, since the govemment had control of land and credit. And it became clear
that the road to wealth and influence should pass through cooperation with the
government.
The second phase of the Condominium rule in the Sudan, which roughly coincided
with the inter-war period, was one ofconsolidation. It witnessed elaboration of an
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the defender oflslarn, whose true interests it was serving.“"Wingate decided
at this stage to mobilize all possible support for the war against Germany
and Turkey. First and foremost he sought to prevent the Muslims from
being ‘led astray’ by the Ottoman Caliph’s call for Alongside Sayyid
Sir ‘Ali al-Mir-ghani, whom he viewed as a loyal supporter of Britain,
Wingate decided to recruit the services of the Mahdi's son, Sayyid ‘Abd
al-Rahman and his followers. the Ansar. The historic hatred of the
nineteenth-century Mahdiyya for both the Turks and the Egyptians, who
were corrupting Islam, remained central in the movement's ideology. To
gain their support Wingate first had to change his attitude towards Sayyid
‘Abd al-Rahman. Up to 1914 the latter had lived in Orndurman and, after
1908, also on Aha Island in near obscurity and under the constant super-
vision of the Intelligence Department headed by Slatin, who suspected him
of being dangerous to the regime." Already in those years he exerted con-
siderable influence in the region of the White Nile, and many admirers
visited him to receive his blessing. When Wingate visited the White Nile
province early in 191 1, Sayyid ‘Abd al-Rahman openly represented hirnself
as the spokesman of the inhabitants of the province, a claim of which Win-
gate disapproved. After war had broken out, Wingate decided to exploit
this popularity and called upon the Sayyid to mobilize his supporters in the
Gezira on the side of the British and to assist the authorities in preventing
Turkish pan-Islamic propaganda from penetrating into Sudan. Sayyid
‘Abd al~Rahman, together with some 500 religious leaders, shaylths ofrufi
orders and tribes, also signed the ‘Sudan Book of Loyalty’, in compliance
with the policy of the British administrators, in which they declared their full
support for Britain and her allies in the war against Turkey, Germany and
their associates?‘ When a rebellion led by a Mahdist broke out injahal
Qadir in the Nuba mountains in I915, atthe same spot to which the Mahdi
and the Ansar had made their Iujra in 1881, Sayyid ‘Abd al-Rahman
denounced them as pretenders and proved his loyalty to the authorities by
"5!-LE. the Governor-General's Speedr to the Ulernas at Khartoum. 8 Nov. i9l4, SIR.
4
Prince of Wales Fund in 1915.” The peak moment in cultivating the support
of Sudanese notables came with the delegation that went to congratulate Britain
afier winning the war in I919: it was composed of the three top religious leaders,
including Sayyid Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, three ulama and fotn tribal chiefs.
Interestingly enough no southemer was there in the delegation, but it also showed
clearly how successfully the policy of alliance adopted by the British had started
to pay off. During the meeting between the delegation and the British King
George, Abd al-Rahaman al-Mahdi chose to present his father's sword as a sign
of loyalty.
Abdel Ralunan al-Mahdi was instrumental in convincing some 500 religious
and tribal chiefs to sign the Book of Loyalty in l9l5 as a gesture of support to
Britain against Turkey. He was given additional land on Abba Island and a loan
of £4,500 that was later forgiven. ln a significant development, the young Mahdi
was pemiitted to reprint the Ratib (the al-Mahdi prayer book) as early as 1921;
and by I933 he had l3,000 feddans (a feddan = 1.038 acres, or .042 hectares)
under cultivation. His annual income was estimated at between £15,000 and
£40,000 with a labour force of 4,500 people. By 1936 and by all standards, ‘he
was economically prosperous and politically importanti” Though al-Mahdi was
the most successful, the same policy was adopted towards other religious leaders.
Ali al-Mirghani was given land on the Red Sea and northern Sudan and al-Sharif
Yusuf Al-Hindi (the third religious leader who also joined the l9l9 delegation),
was given land in Gezira to be utilized for agricultural development.
Another group that benefited economically was the tribal chiefs, whose powers
were enhanced through the two ordinances of 1922 and 1927 which gave the tribal
######### a measme of autonomy, enabling them to manage the affairs of their com-
munities as long as they maintained their loyalty to the government, implemented
its policies, and ensured the collection of taxes. Thus the power of the state was
used effectively to consolidate the regime by extending help to religious and tribal
leaders, since the government had control of land and credit. And it became clear
that the road to wealth and influence should pass through cooperation with the
government.
The second phase of the Condominium rule in the Sudan, which roughly coincided
with the inter~war period, was one of consolidation. It witnessed elaboration of an
اريد توضيح السبب الذي جعل الانجليز عدم اعترافهم بمؤتمر الخريجين
و الاسباب واضحه هنا ..... من المبالغ الماليه والاراضي التي ملكت
للطاءيفيه دون وجه حق
اواصل
(عدل بواسطة عرفات حسين on 07-26-2015, 10:04 PM)
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| العنوان |
الكاتب |
Date |
| التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه ( الغردونييون ) | عرفات حسين | 07-21-15, 06:47 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | ود الباوقة | 07-21-15, 06:49 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-21-15, 07:40 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عبدالله الشقليني | 07-21-15, 08:51 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | حاتم إبراهيم | 07-21-15, 07:24 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | جمال ود القوز | 07-21-15, 07:38 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | ود الباوقة | 07-21-15, 07:44 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | ود الباوقة | 07-21-15, 07:46 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-21-15, 07:56 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | صديق مهدى على | 07-21-15, 08:15 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-21-15, 08:30 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-21-15, 08:41 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | خالد المبارك | 07-21-15, 08:45 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | محمد البشرى الخضر | 07-21-15, 09:00 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | محمد أبوالعزائم أبوالريش | 07-21-15, 09:11 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | Salah Habib | 07-21-15, 09:30 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | محمد قسم الله محمد | 07-21-15, 10:08 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | محمد قسم الله محمد | 07-21-15, 09:28 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-22-15, 08:23 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | صلاح أبودية | 07-22-15, 08:53 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | صلاح أبودية | 07-22-15, 09:08 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | خالد المبارك | 07-22-15, 09:18 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | usama Babiker | 07-22-15, 09:27 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | خالد المبارك | 07-22-15, 09:28 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عبدالعظيم عثمان | 07-22-15, 09:46 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-22-15, 09:47 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-22-15, 11:12 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | صلاح أبودية | 07-22-15, 11:18 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | ود الباوقة | 07-22-15, 11:21 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | محمد البشرى الخضر | 07-22-15, 12:44 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-22-15, 01:09 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | محمد البشرى الخضر | 07-22-15, 01:30 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | ديامي | 07-22-15, 01:42 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | جمال الباقر | 07-22-15, 02:20 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | جمال ود القوز | 07-22-15, 02:39 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | حاتم إبراهيم | 07-22-15, 04:28 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عبدالعظيم عثمان | 07-22-15, 04:52 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-22-15, 09:18 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-22-15, 09:21 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-22-15, 09:28 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-22-15, 09:40 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-22-15, 09:59 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-23-15, 02:27 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | Mohamed Yassin Khalifa | 07-23-15, 05:06 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-23-15, 11:34 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | Mohamed Yassin Khalifa | 07-24-15, 04:10 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | اخلاص عبدالرحمن المشرف | 07-24-15, 06:04 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | اخلاص عبدالرحمن المشرف | 07-24-15, 06:49 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عبدالعظيم عثمان | 07-24-15, 06:59 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-24-15, 05:10 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-25-15, 01:01 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-25-15, 02:59 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-25-15, 08:48 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-25-15, 11:11 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-26-15, 01:47 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-26-15, 02:46 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-26-15, 09:49 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-26-15, 09:56 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-27-15, 09:04 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-28-15, 02:15 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-28-15, 02:22 PM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 07-28-15, 02:46 PM |
 Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 08-07-15, 09:50 AM |
| Re: التجاني يوسف بشير والاخطاء الاملايه | عرفات حسين | 08-07-15, 10:10 AM |
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