طلب (رخيص) من حاتم ابراهيم

Quote: صفحة 4 There are many factors that one should consider when adopting new romanization systems for international use. These encompass both the nature of the system itself, and practical considerations and expectations for its future usage. The romanization systems would benefit from fulfilment of the following criteria: The system should be reversible, that is to say, it should be possible to reconstruct the original non-Roman script form on the basis of romanization. Using the system should be as simple and as clear-cut as possible. For example, if a character table is not adequate, the notes to the table should clarify all aspects of usage. It would not be to the advantage of the system if dictionaries and other sources had to be consulted in order to obtain a correct romanization of names, or if the rules allowed for variations in the romanization of the same original script form. The romanized name forms should be as easy as possible to write, read and memorize as well as store electronically. This would entail minimal use of diacritical marks, avoidance of difficult and unusual character sequences, etc. A systematic representation of phonological features is also recommended. If the above conditions should be irreconcilable, as is sometimes the case, then it is the practical aspects that are to be considered the most decisive. For writing systems that do not allow for practicable and easy-to-use reversible romanization systems, it is often necessary to adopt two different romanization methods. The transcription method is the one recommended for wide usage, including the romanization of geographical names, which is the area of interest for the United Nations. The second method, transliteration, could be applied for rendering the original script forms, for example, in the area of bibliography. Such systems fall within the sphere of activities of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For one such language, there may exist two totally differing systems. For example, for Thai, there exists United Nations system 1967/2002 and ISO 11940: 1998. Alternatively, the two systems can be combined into one integral system, as is the case, for example, with Greek, for which there exists United Nations system 1987 (ELOT 743) containing two versions of romanization: one for general purposes; and the other for documentation (that is to say, a fully reversible version). Reversibility is achieved by adding diacritical marks in cases of possible ambiguity https://unstats.un.org/UNSD/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/ungegn-tech-ref-manual_M87_combined.pdf