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 Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور (Re: خالد الحاج)
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When forcible displacement is committed on a systematic basis or large scale, or, as confirmed in Article 7 of the Rome Statute, when it is committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, it is a crime against humanity.
Those who have been internally displaced remain protected by the laws of their own country and the Government of Sudan would have the primary responsibility for assisting and protecting them. Under human rights law, which remains relevant in all cases of internal displacement, those displaced are entitled to enjoy, in full equality, the same fundamental human rights under domestic and international law as any other Sudanese citizen.
The displaced in Sudan are also protected by international humanitarian law. Article 3, common to the four 1949 Geneva Conventions, is the cornerstone for the protection of civilians, including the internally displaced, and is also applicable to situations of non-international conflicts(27). It prohibits "at any time and in any place whatsoever" certain acts including violence to life and person, in particular, murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture, the taking of hostages and humiliating and degrading treatment and summary executions as some of the enumerated grounds. It is important to note that the obligatory provisions of Common Article 3's minimum rules expressly bind both parties to a conflict.
In addition to the prohibition on the Government of Sudan not to arbitrarily displace people there are also obligations flowing from humanitarian law not to harm civilians, including internally displaced persons.
Article 4 of Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions provides fundamental, non derogable guarantees for humane treatment which are relevant to the internally displaced and other victims of the internal conflict in Sudan. It absolutely prohibits a number of abuses of which there is abundant evidence in this conflict.
Sudan has an obligation under the treaties it has ratified and under customary law to protect the rights of everyone in its territory. The active involvement of government forces in human rights violations is not only a failure to fulfil these obligations but also a total disregard for the international treaties it has ratified.
6. Conclusion
Civilians in Darfur are suffering tremendously. When asked by Amnesty International what would alleviate their suffering, this is what some said:
"The conflict is now between the government and the civilians. But people are simple, they have nothing, they are killed without having arms. The problem is that the people are told to go away. There are too many people killed for no reason. We are asking the government and the SLA to find another solution, without war for the people and we need development."
"Before there was a conflict between the farmers and the nomads. As the government is now giving arms to the Arabs, these commit mistakes. The local population cannot accept that. Even the Arab children have got arms. We need the international community to see what is happening in Darfur and we need justice for the victims. Also we need freedom, freedom to move, freedom to think, freedom to speak."
The grave human rights abuses described in this report cannot be ignored any longer, nor justified or excused by a context of armed conflict. The Sudanese government must acknowledge openly the extent of the human rights and humanitarian crisis in Darfur and take immediate steps to end it. It must not allow Sudan to sink into another civil war where atrocities are being committed against civilians like in southern Sudan. It must show to the international community that its professed commitment to peace and human rights in the Sudan peace talks is a reality.
Leaders of armed political groups must also take every step possible to respect the human rights of civilians in Darfur and publicly state their commitment to respect international humanitarian law at all times.
7. Recommendations
To the Sudanese government:
- Publicly condemn all instances of grave abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law committed by its armed forces and militia aligned to them; and set up independent and impartial investigations into all such reported cases;
- Take immediate measures to give adequate protection to civilians in Darfur against deliberate and indiscriminate attacks;
- Ensure that humanitarian organizations have unrestricted and secure access to the whole Darfur region and to all victims of the conflict, including internally displaced persons;
- Cease all support and supplies to any irregular armed forces, including Arab militia and the Janjawid, or establish clear chain of command control over them, giving clear instructions that abuses of human rights and humanitarian law will not be tolerated and making them accountable to these instructions;
- Allow the establishment of a human rights monitoring component in any ceasefire monitoring force in the region which can investigate freely attacks on civilians;
- Agree to an international Commission of Inquiry into the complex human rights crisis in Darfur, which should report publicly and make recommendations to ensure the protection of human rights in the region, in accordance with international human rights and humanitarian law, and which should be implemented immediately;
- Provide or facilitate the provision of information on all persons abducted by the Janjawid and all persons arbitrarily detained by the Sudanese security forces in connection with the conflict;
- Put an end to arbitrary arrests and incommunicado detentions, and release immediately persons detained solely for the peaceful expression of their opinions;
- Charge political prisoners with a recognizably criminal offence and bring them to justice, according to all international standards of fairness and without the application of the death penalty or other cruel, inhumane or degrading punishments, or release them;
- Suspend immediately, pending investigations, any member of the Sudanese armed forces suspected of having committed or ordered human rights violations;
- Promptly and independently investigate all reports of abuses of international human rights and humanitarian law in Darfur by members of its armed forces, of the Janjawid, or any other government-aligned militia and bring to justice any suspected perpetrator in trials which respect international standards of fairness;
- Organize full reparation, including compensation, restitution, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition for the relatives of civilians unlawfully killed or disappeared in the context of the conflict and for the victims of torture, including rape, and other human rights abuses;
- Ratify and implement without delay the Additional Protocols I and II of the 1949 Geneva Conventions.
To the armed groups in Darfur, including the SLA, the JEM and the Janjawid and 'Arab' militia:
- Publicly commit to respect at all times international humanitarian law binding on all parties to internal armed conflicts and to respect and protect the lives and livelihoods of civilians in all areas under their control;
- Ensure that their combatants do not commit human rights abuses against civilians and immediately remove any combatant suspected of abuses against civilians from situations where such abuses might recur;
- Publicly commit to ensure safe and unrestricted access to humanitarian organizations and international human rights monitors in all areas of Darfur.
To the Chadian authorities
- Ensure the security of the Sudanese refugees at the border with Sudan, including through increased efforts to, together with UNHCR, relocate all refugees to safer areas away from the border in Chad before the rainy season starts in May 2004;
- Ensure that all Sudanese refugees have access to Chadian territory and that no Sudanese refugees will be forced to return to areas where they would be at risk of human rights abuses;
- Give particular attention to vulnerable groups within the refugee population, such as women and children; ensure that medical and psychological counselling is made available to victims of torture, including rape and address the education needs of refugee children;
- Publicly condemn instances of grave human rights abuses committed by any party in Darfur which come to their attention;
- Address human rights abuses against civilians and the humanitarian conditions of the Darfur population as a priority in any talks with the Sudanese government or armed opposition groups in Darfur.
To the UNHCR
- Increase efforts to, together with the government of Chad, relocate all refugees to safer areas away from the border in Chad before the rainy season starts in May 2004;
- Contribute to ensure that all Sudanese refugees have access to protection in Chad and are not returned to areas where they would be at risk of human rights abuses;
- Give particular attention to vulnerable groups within the refugee population, such as women and children; ensure that medical and psychological counselling is made available to victims of torture, including rape; address the education needs of refugee children.
To the United Nations
- Push for unimpeded humanitarian access by United Nations agencies and other aid organisations to all displaced and civilians affected by the conflict in all areas of Darfur;
- Publicly condemn instances of grave human rights abuses committed by any party in Darfur which come to their attention and address such concerns to the parties to the conflict;
- Ensure that human rights form a central part of any mediation or talks aimed at resolving the conflict. Such mediation or talks should include addressing past abuses, providing victims with redress, and the protection of human rights in the future. Ways to address the humanitarian crisis in Darfur must also be incorporated in such talks.
- Support the establishment of a human rights monitoring team in Darfur which could investigate freely attacks against civilians by any party and report publicly on its findings;
- Support the establishment of an independent and impartial Commission of Inquiry into the complex human rights crisis in Darfur.
To the mediators of the Sudan peace talks, including the US, UK, Norway, Italy and Kenya and countries acting as donors in Sudan, such as the European Union and Canada:
- Publicly condemn instances of grave abuses of international human rights and humanitarian law committed by any party in Darfur which come to their attention;
- Encourage all parties to the conflict in Darfur to end the abuses of human rights and humanitarian law in the region;
- Encourage all parties in Darfur to agree on a mechanism to protect civilians from human rights abuses in Darfur;
- Ensure that human rights form a central part of any mediation or talks aimed at resolving the conflict. Such mediation or talks should include addressing past abuses, providing victims with redress, and the protection of human rights in the future. Ways to address the humanitarian crisis in Darfur must also be incorporated in such talks;
- Support the establishment of a human rights monitoring team in Darfur which could investigate freely attacks against civilians by any party and report publicly on its findings;
- Support the establishment of an independent and impartial Commission of Inquiry into the complex human rights crisis in Darfur;
- Ensure that a final agreement to resolve the civil war in the South will also include human rights guarantees and a strong human rights monitoring mechanism for all areas of Sudan, including Darfur;
- In accordance with the principles of international responsibility- and burden-sharing, provide all necessary assistance to the Chadian authorities and to those agencies providing protection and assistance to refugees in Chad and internally displaced persons in Darfur.
To the African Union
- Publicly condemn instances of grave abuses of international human rights and humanitarian law committed by any party in Darfur which come to their attention;
- Encourage the Sudanese government to respect at all times the internationally recognized human rights of the Sudanese people;
- Ensure that human rights form a central part of any mediation or talks aimed at resolving the conflict. Such mediation or talks should include addressing past abuses, providing victims with redress, and the protection of human rights in the future. Ways to address the humanitarian crisis in Darfur must also be incorporated in such talks;
- Support the establishment of a human rights monitoring team in Darfur which could investigate freely attacks against civilians by any party and report publicly on their findings;
- Support the establishment of an independent and impartial Commission of Inquiry into the complex human rights crisis in Darfur.
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(1) Darfur, formerly one state, was divided into three states in 1989. Al-Fasher is the capital of North Darfur state; Nyala is the capital of South Darfur state; and Al-Jeneina is the capital of West Darfur state. Each state has a regional assembly and a Governor (Wali) appointed by the central government.
(2) According to United Nations estimates, there have been some 3,000 people killed since the conflict started; 670,000 who have been displaced within the Darfur region and up to 95,000 who have taken refuge in Chad, as of the end of the year 2003. See UN humanitarian chief worried by Darfur crisis, IRIN, 8 December 2003
(3) The Fur and the Masalit are predominantely sedentary farmers. The Zaghawa herd camels but also farm in some places. Many also have cattle. Members of these communities are also traders or have become city-dwellers overtime.
(4) For instance that on Shoba near Kabkabia, on 28 April 2002, see Empty promises? Human rights violations in government-controlled areas, (AI INDEX: AFR 54/036/2003, 16 July 2003)
(5) On the issue of abductions and slavery in Sudan, see:
Is there slavery in Sudan ?, Anti-Slavery International, March 2001 and
Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan, Report of the International Eminent Persons Group, 22 May 2002
(6) See Sudan: Empty promises? Human rights violations in government-controlled areas, Amnesty International, 16 July 2003 (AI index: AFR 54/036/2003)
(7) Tina is a town in North Darfur at the border between Sudan and Chad. The border consists of a wadi, a seasonal river bed, which separates Tina Sudan and Tina Chad.
( "Sudanese president vows to annihilate Darfur rebels: report", AFP, 31 December 2003
(9) Statement on the situation in Darfur, Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan in the United Kingdom, 19 January 2004
(10) See Sudan: Empty promises? Human rights violations in government-controlled areas, Amnesty International, 16 July 2003 (AI index: AFR 54/036/2003)
(11) Amnesty International delegates obtained more than a hundred testimonies from Sudanese refugees in nine locations along the eastern Chadian border, scattered over 300 kilometres. The testimonies were coherent, credible and all pointed at a quasi-systematic pattern of attacks. They are not all reproduced in this report. Amnesty International obtained the names of hundreds of people killed in Darfur.
(12) Names of those allegedly raped are not given in order to protect their identities
(13) See Fear for safety/ Fear of torture and ill-treatment, Amnesty International Urgent Action, 23 July 2003 (AI Index: AFR 54/064/2003)
(14) "Widespread insecurity reported in Darfur", IRIN, 30 July 2003
(15) "Six Sudanese security men killed by rebels in Darfur"AFP, 4 January 2004
(16) Names of those reportedly arrested are not given in order to protect their identities
(17) "Sudan: Thousands said fleeing renewed fighting in Darfur", IRIN, 4 January 2003
(1 The escalating crisis in Darfur, IRIN 31 December 2003
(19) UNHCR Briefing notes, 9 December 2003
(20) UNHCR Briefing notes, 23 January 2004
(21) The 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (the OAU Convention) requires hosting governments to settle refugees at a reaonable distance from the border in the name of security. (Article 2 (6))
(22) "Finally, safe refuge for Sudanese in Chadian site", UNHCR, 19 January 2004
(23) "Workers in Sudan aid convoy killed", BBC online, 28 October 2003
(24) "Uncertainty surrounding Darfur abductions", IRIN, 25 November 2003
(25) "The escalating crisis in Darfur", IRIN, 31 December 2003
(26) MSF concerned for displaced following forced closure of camps by Sudanese authorities, MSF, 15 January 2004
(27) Common Article 3 automatically applies: ''In the case of armed conflict... each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply...''. It extends protection to "persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors des combat by sickness, wounds, detention or any other cause..."
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| العنوان |
الكاتب |
Date |
| تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 12:56 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:00 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:07 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:15 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:28 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:50 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:58 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 02:41 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 03:07 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 03:16 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 05:04 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 05:17 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:19 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:21 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:24 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:26 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:33 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:37 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:39 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 09:48 AM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 01:13 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 01:23 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 03:01 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | nahar osman nahar | 02-05-04, 05:22 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 07:00 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 07:05 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 07:17 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 08:05 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 08:44 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 03:18 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 04:07 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 04:13 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 04:34 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 04:35 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-07-04, 12:17 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-07-04, 12:21 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-09-04, 03:43 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-09-04, 03:50 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-27-04, 02:03 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-27-04, 02:11 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-29-04, 03:07 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 11:59 AM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 12:15 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 05:09 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 05:16 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 05:26 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 05:45 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 06:15 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 06:25 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:34 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:37 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:51 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:55 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:57 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 03:00 PM |
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