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 Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور (Re: خالد الحاج)
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2.2.2 Arrests and detention by armed opposition groups
Amnesty International sought information with the Sudanese authorities about the number of government soldiers detained and released by the armed opposition and their treatment while detained by the SLA. However, the Sudanese government has not provided any information on these matters.
Amnesty International received information that six persons(16) were arrested and tortured by the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). On 18 September, armed members of the JEM circled the house where six men were staying in Jirjira, south of Tina, North Darfur. One was hit on the head with gun butts and the others tied up with chains. They were all beaten on their ######### and body. JEM members then reportedly put a mixture of acid, chilli and petrol in the mouth, nose and ears of two of the men. The six were transferred to a place in the bush until mid-October. The two men tortured reportedly lost their hair, vomited blood and partly lost sight because of their torture. The four others managed to escape during fighting around Kulbus. Representatives of the JEM told Amnesty International in December that they were made prisoners because they were « government agents » but denied knowing that they had been tortured. In December, the two remaining "prisoners" were set free after being given medicine.
3. The responsibility of the Sudanese authorities in the grave human rights violations committed in Darfur
The numerous and concordant testimonies of the Sudanese refugees in Darfur, as well as other information collected by Amnesty International on the human rights situation in Darfur, clearly point at the responsibility of the Sudanese government in deadly attacks against civilians. Bombings on civilians and civilian objects are conducted by the Sudanese Airforce. Moreover, many eye-witnesses to ground attacks on villages in Darfur have clearly reported the joint presence and coordination of elements of the Sudanese army and the Janjawid in these attacks. Amnesty International holds the Sudanese government accountable for the grave human rights abuses committed by its armed forces and the armed militia aligned to them in Darfur.
Even if some government officials have denied any links between the government and the Janjawid, there is a large amount of information which shows that at least certain elements of the Sudanese army in Darfur are colluding with the Janjawid in committing grave human rights violations. Many of those attacked in Darfur believe that the Sudanese authorities are using the Janjawid as a "proxy" force in their counter-insurgency strategy in Darfur. International law holds parties to a conflict responsible for abuses committed by irregular forces under their "overall control".
Moreover, the Sudanese government has not condemned or conducted transparent and impartial investigations into the numerous and grave human rights abuses committed in Darfur and reported by local civil society activists, community leaders, journalists and non-governmental organisations. Amnesty International thinks that by its silence, the Sudanese government is condoning or encouraging more abuses. The impunity with which the Janjawid militia have acted in Darfur is another sign of the government's unwillingness to be accountable for its responsibility in the human rights crisis in Darfur.
Amnesty International believes that there is clear evidence of co-operation between the Janjawid and the government forces; the government should either cease its support for the Janjawid or it should establish clear chain of command control over them and make them accountable for the grave human rights abuses they have perpetrated. Either way the government should take appropriate steps regarding all reported abuses of human rights or humanitarian law, whether committed by the Janjawid, by other government-aligned militia, by government forces, or by different forces in co-operation with each other. All such reports should be promptly and independently investigated and perpetrators brought to justice.
3.1 Bombings and attacks by government armed forces
Antonov planes and helicopter gunships are the property of the Sudanese army. In this document, Amnesty International has described numerous examples of indiscriminate or direct bombings of civilians. There are many more cases of bombings which are not given in this report but which have been reported by different observers or civil society groups following the situation in Darfur. Each deserves a full, independent and impartial investigation which should lead to those who have committed or ordered grave abuses of international humanitarian law being made accountable.
Even more compelling are the consistent testimonies of countless civilians attacked, in different parts of Darfur, by both the Janjawid and elements of the Sudanese army. At the very least, the Sudanese government should investigate these serious allegations. When soldiers commit such crimes, they constitute violations of national and international human rights law. The collusion between some soldiers and "irregular" militia points at a military strategy aimed at forcibly displacing part of a population seen as sympathising with the armed opposition. The Sudanese government must explain to the Sudanese in Darfur and to the international community the reported presence and participation of its own army members in attacks against villages.
3.2 Information showing links between the Janjawid or "Arab" militias and the government
As said earlier, the conflict seems to take on a racial tone. The armed political groups claim that the "Blacks" have been discriminated against by the government. The rhetoric used by the Janjawid as reported by civilians they have attacked shows that they believe that they act as counter-insurgency armed forces in the Darfur conflict. Their words show that they are confident that the government is supporting their actions.
A refugee farmer from the village of Kishkish reported to Amnesty International delegates the words used by the militia: "You are Black and you are opponents. You are our slaves, the Darfur region is in our hands and you are our herders." They also reportedly said: "You are slaves, we will kill you. You are like dust, we will crush you." Another civilian attacked was reportedly told: "You are in the fields, the rest is for our horses. We have the government on our right side, you are on the left side. You have nothing for yourselves."
A civilian from Jafal confirmed this when he was reportedly told by the Janjawid: "You are opponents to the regime, we must crush you. As you are Black, you are like slaves. Then all the Darfur region will be in our hands. The government is on our side. The government plane is on our side to give us ammunition and food."
Other information given by victims of the conflict shows that the military actions of the Janjawid are well-organised, and many times coordinated with elements of the Sudanese government army. Several persons of the same village told Amnesty International delegates:
"The chief of the Arabs...gives auxiliaries to the army....the high commander of the Janjaweed...is based in Al Geneina. There is a military camp called Guedera where they train people. It is not a secret. They get organised in Al Geneina and then the planes go to this camp. "
A villager from Meramta, near Al-Jeneina explained : « Here the plane does not bomb us. It gives the Janjawid ammunitions, weapons and food. They have camps where they meet: Guedera and Dedengita, about 25 km away from the village. These camps have existed for 4 months, before there was nothing. Helicopters also come to supply them. »
Several sources have pointed at the presence of leaders of the Janjawid in Al-Jeneina, the capital of West Darfur. They allegedly have an office, and are allegedly seen walking in the streets of the town with weapons. There are allegedly twelve military camps of the Janjawid around the same town which would prevent displaced people fleeing the insecure countryside from coming in the town.
All the victims of attacks described the Janjawid as being well-armed and well-equiped. They are in majority dressed in military uniforms and are often accompanied by soldiers driving military vehicles. The types of weapons described by the refugees are : kalashnikovs, bazookas, rifle guns such as the G3 or the Belgian FAL. Amnesty International is concerned at the level of armament of these irregular troops.
After the Darfur negotiations broke down in Chad, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir was quoted as saying on state-run Sudanese television: "We will use the army, the police, the mujahidin, the horsemen to get rid of the rebellion."(17) Some representatives of the Sudanese government have told Amnesty International that the term mujahidin referred to the Popular Defence Forces, a paramilitary force set up by the government who has fought alongside government troops in the South.
On another occasion, Humanitarian Aid Commissioner, Dr Salaf El Din, seemed to confirm that the government had called on Darfur's ethnic communities to support the government fight against the rebels. He was quoted as saying: "Some are coming forward and some are not. This does not mean that the government is biased against one group".(1
3.3 Failure of the authorities to condemn or investigate abuses
According to the information available to Amnesty International, the government has not, except in three occasions, condemned attacks against civilians and grave human rights violations which have been committed by their soldiers or the Sudanese Air Force during the conflict. The silence of the authorities regarding the atrocities committed by the Janjawid suggests that their actions are condoned, if not encouraged, by the government. Persons who speak out against human rights abuses in Darfur are arrested, detained incommunicado and tortured. Newspapers or journalists who have reported military activity in Darfur have been suspended or interrogated. The level of repression is such that people fear speaking out. The resulting impunity for deliberate executions, unlawful killings, maiming and torture, abductions and arbitrary arrests of civilians can only help to fuel further atrocities in Darfur.
Only twice the government announced that investigations would be held into particular reported cases of killings.
The level of the atrocities committed in Kutum, in particular the summary and targeted killings of well-known merchants by the Janjawid, provoked outrage in Sudan. The governor of North Darfur was quoted on the Sudan radio as denying any link between the government and the Janjawid, and announced the setting up of a Commission of Inquiry to investigate the incident. This Commission of Inquiry was reportedly composed of five members. Amnesty International does not know whether the members of this commission were able to freely access the victims and witnesses of the attacks. Five months later, the findings or the recommendations of this Commission have still not been made public.
In Habila, West Darfur, a bombing in August 2003 reportedly killed 26 people, including civilians as well as government army soldiers in a nearby garrison. On 10 September 2003, the Minister of Defence declared that the bombing was a mistake, that those killed were martyrs and created a committee of members of the military to investigate the incident. Amnesty International is concerned at the failure to set up an independent investigation. The findings of this investigation, too, have never been made public.
A statement by the Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan in the United Kingdom on 19 January 2004 condemned abuses committed in Darfur. It said "Groups of armed gunmen are threatening the life, liberty and property of innocent civilians and have been implicated in armed robberies, abduction, kidnapping, widespread indiscriminate killings and terrorization of civilian men, women and children. […] The infamous Janjawid gangs are the most notorious of these groups and the Government will do all that is necessary to impose law and order in areas affected by these activities." Amnesty International is calling on the government to uphold its commitments and its obligations under international law and immediately open transparent and impartial investigations into the abuses committed both by the Janjawid and its armed forces.
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| العنوان |
الكاتب |
Date |
| تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 12:56 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:00 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:07 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:15 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:28 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:50 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:58 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 02:41 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 03:07 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 03:16 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 05:04 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 05:17 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:19 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:21 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:24 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:26 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:33 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:37 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:39 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 09:48 AM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 01:13 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 01:23 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 03:01 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | nahar osman nahar | 02-05-04, 05:22 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 07:00 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 07:05 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 07:17 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 08:05 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 08:44 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 03:18 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 04:07 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 04:13 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 04:34 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 04:35 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-07-04, 12:17 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-07-04, 12:21 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-09-04, 03:43 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-09-04, 03:50 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-27-04, 02:03 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-27-04, 02:11 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-29-04, 03:07 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 11:59 AM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 12:15 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 05:09 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 05:16 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 05:26 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 05:45 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 06:15 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 06:25 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:34 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:37 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:51 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:55 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:57 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 03:00 PM |
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