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 Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور (Re: خالد الحاج)
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In Meramta, a village of about 450 households, approximately 25 km south of Al-Jeneina, more than 300 persons were reported to be killed, mostly shot, in an attack at dawn by the Janjawid and government soldiers on 28 July. Women trying to flee were beaten with gun butts. Houses were subsequently burnt down. Meramta was reportedly attacked at least four times. In an attack in October, at mid-day, ten more persons were killed and five wounded. The village is reportedly now empty. Tukultukul a village near Meramta was attacked on 28 July, the same day, two hours later, at 8am, by a group of armed Janjawid and government soldiers. At least eight persons were reported killed.
Attacks on villages, such as Dongajul, Seratiya, Kulkute, Guinda, Haraza around Al- Jeneina reportedly continued in November, prompting more civilians to take refuge in Chad in the region of Ade, south of Adre.
Kasia village was attacked three times between the 28 and 1 August 2003, both by Arab militia and government soldiers. In the first attack, which took place at 8am, at least 18 persons were reportedly killed, including some in their houses. In the second attack, four persons were said to have been killed and cattle was looted. In the third attack, some six civilians were said to be killed and the houses were burnt down.
Bauda, some 80 km south of Al-Jeneina, populated by some 200 households, was attacked on 29 August, at 10am. The attackers were both Arab militia and soldiers. Yahya Mohamed, shot in the right leg while he was running away, told AI delegates that 16 people were shot dead that day. The village was burnt down. In Ambgadina, North of Al-Jeneina, at least nine persons were reportedly killed in an attack on their village.
Sometimes those attacked know their attackers. On 10 August, Suani, a village around Al-Jeneina, and its market, were attacked in the afternoon by the Janjawid mixed with soldiers. "We know the Janjawid", one villager told AI delegates, "they were our neighbours before, the Rizeiqat and the Mahariya." They killed nine men who were running away, beat up the women and looted all the cooking pots. They did not burn the place.
While many of the killings appear to have specifically targeted men, sometimes women and even children have also been deliberately killed. In Abu Gamra, in September, a child, Khadija Idris, aged 17 (f) was killed by the militia when she tried to stop them stealing her cattle. In Murli, near Al-Jeneina, at least nine women were reportedly shot dead during an attack by the Janjawid. They include: Alima Adam, 25, Kaltuma Sabu, 25, Awa Abdallahi, 30, Mariam Harun, 35, Khadija Abdullahi, 30, Fatuma Idris, 20, Aisha Mohamed, 30, Nafisa Adam, 40, and Dolma Ismail, 20.
Sometimes isolated people were killed while in their fields, or on roads. Al Mahdi Suleiman, 30, Hassan Suleiman, 20 and Dilloh Ismail, 30, from Hasan Basau, a village in North Darfur, were reportedly attacked and killed by Arab militia while taking their cattle to grazing areas sometime in April. One other person, Arbab Ibrahim's stepfather, was killed by Arabs on his way back from the market to his village Mejde in the Habiela region in June.
Amnesty International delegates collected many other testimonies from the refugees which were consistent with each other. They indicated a clear pattern of repeated violations both by the Janjawid and government soldiers. Many testimonies consistently suggested that the Janjawid and the soldiers were co-operating.
Unlawful killings due to deliberate or indiscriminate bombings
Ground attacks on villages and towns were often preceded or followed by bombings by the Sudanese air force. According to the testimonies of the Sudanese refugees in Chad and victims in Sudan, it would appear that villages and towns in North Darfur have suffered the most from aerial bombing. This may be because this area is where the armed opposition is considered most active and has control over certain places. Bombings were also reported in West Darfur and in the south of North Darfur around Kabkabia and the Jebel Marra (mountains).
Most bombings, as described to Amnesty International by eye-witnesses, appeared to have disregarded the requirement to distinguish between civilian persons and objects, and military objectives or the principle of proportionality. Both are cornerstones of international humanitarian law regulating armed conflicts. In some instances, the bombings would appear to have deliberately targeted civilians and civilian objects.
Bombings usually consist of boxes filled with metal shrapnel dropped from the back of Antonov planes. By their nature these lack precision. Sometimes civilians have reported the presence of helicopter gunships, flying at low altitude and shelling villages and civilians. These two types of aircraft have repeatedly been used by the Sudanese government in the conflict in southern Sudan. Despite international condemnation of deliberate bombings on civilians and indiscriminate bombings by the government in the South, and government pledges not to attack civilians and civilian objects as part of the wider Sudan peace talks, the same tactics are being used in the Darfur conflict.
Bombings have had the effect of terrorizing the population and encouraging panic and displacement. Most civilians who have taken refuge in Chad cited continuous bombings, which could be heard or seen from their camps in Chad, as the reason why they could not go back to their country.
Kornoy was repeatedly bombed since June 2003, provoking the population to flee en masse to Chad. On 20 June 2003, Kornoy was bombed. Amina Ishaq, aged 35, told AI delegates: "I lost my daughter in the bombing of the 20 June, it was about 4pm. Her name was Nada Ismail, she was by a well. When the bombing stopped, we found her and collected the pieces of her body." Another one said : « It was 10am, I was cooking. The plane came suddenly and destroyed my home completely. I ran away to Chad.» Nura Rahma Abdu, who was pregnant at the time, lost her baby, apparently because of the shock and fear of the bombing. « When the plane came I was five months pregnant. I lost my baby because of the bombing. When the plane bombed I was outside the house, I saw that my husband was inside. I ran to the house. The smoke from the bomb made me cough, then I lost blood and my child. I came here with my husband, 2 months ago because I was feeling ill. My body still hurts and my stomach is still big despite the fact that I lost the baby. »
Tina was repeatedly bombed as part of government attempts to crush the armed opposition, who had taken control of the city, killing civilians. Faiza Idris Adam, a female pupil aged 14, testified: "It was 9am, I was in the classroom when the town was bombed, our teacher was teaching us history and geography when the plane bombed our school. It was on 5 August; there are three schools in Tina, ours was in the Jurga quarter. The pupils fled. Saddam Omer, a pupil in my class, aged 14, went out, he was hit, he died in the school courtyard. I saw his body, his parents came to take him. He was clever, he was the second in our class, he loved maths and to play football." Inhabitants of Tina were mostly affected by the bombings. Town dwellers at times reported dozens of relatives being killed or wounded by the bombings. On 7 July, one child, Abdel Qader Musa, aged 15, was hit by shrapnel on his right hand while herding goats near his house in Tina:
« The plane came and the fire coming from the bombings cut my fingers. Now the blood sometimes comes out between my fingers, it still hurts. I am a school boy in fourth class, I used to write with my right hand. »
When his mother attempted to take him to hospital, the plane came back. They both fled to Tina Chad.
Most villages around Tina were also bombed. Khasan Abu Gamra was bombed so many times that its villagers said : « The planes bomb anytime and everywhere, sometimes four times a day, in the morning, in the evening. They bomb so much that we can't go to cultivate our fields. Many people and animals were killed because of the bombings. » In Tumdubai, about four hours walk away from Tina, bombings also occurred several times a day. Khasan Basao was also hit by bombings.
Kutum was bombed during the fighting between government troops and the SLA, at the end of July, before it was raided by the Janjawid. While there was rebel presence in the area at the time of bombings, civilians and civilian buildings were hit by the bombs. In particular, the hospital and the prison were bombed. A woman from Kutum, met in Tina refugee camp, told Amnesty International delegates : « In the prison, the prison guards and the prisoners were killed by the bombing. The hospital was also destroyed and the patients killed. I knew two persons who were sick in hospital at the time and who were killed by the bombs. Their names are Mohamed Ali, a 40-year-old farmer and Amina Ishag, a 20-year-old young woman. It is very sad. »
Villages around Silaya further south in North Darfur, close to the border with Chad, were also bombed around the time of ground attacks. Refugees from the area met by Amnesty International reported that bombings were still continuing in November. In Turlili, a village North of Silaya, at least eight persons were killed in bombings. Animals were also killed.
2.1.2 acts of violence and torture, including rape, against civilians
Ground attacks and the killing of civilians by government and government-aligned militia were often accompanied by brutal acts of violence, including shootings and beatings, and sometimes rape of women and girls. Many villagers reported that the primary targets for killings appeared to be men. While women were shot dead in certain occasions, it seems that the majority of women were beaten rather than killed during attacks.
During an attack in Kornoy, Jamal Adam Nusur, 20 years-old, was pursued and allegedly beaten so badly by the Janjawid that he subsequently died of his wounds.
Kaltuma Abdallah, 15, was reportedly directly attacked by Arab militia in Abu Jidad. She was in her house when they arived. She fled and was shot by a gun. Her aunt was shot dead.
Adam Mohamed, aged 40, and his brother, from the Tama ethnic group, were attacked on 14 November in their village Tutursa. Adam Mohamed was taken by surprise in his house by a number of militia members. They flogged him while saying "You are all opponents, we will eliminate you." They took all his money. He managed to escape and walked to Chad. The same day, they circled the house of Zara Sheikh, a 28-year-old woman and asked her for money. When she said she did not have any, they beat her with a whip.
When Murli was attacked, Jamila Mohamed, a woman, reportedly fled on foot with another woman, Aisha Harun. The attackers pursued them on horseback. They stopped them, beat them with dry bush branches and took her clothes. Then they let them go. In Tuja, a village near Murli, Hawauu Hasan Tuja, a woman, was fleeing an attack by Arab militia, with her seven children. The children managed to escape but she reported that she was beaten and robbed of her clothes and belongings.
In some instances, women found on roads or in the bush while collecting wood, travelling or fleeing attacks were raped.
Amnesty International delegates heard accounts of rape of women and girls by the Janjawid. It is difficult, however, to know the extent to which rape is a practice in the conduct of the war in Darfur, because women would report it reluctantly, for fear of being ostracized by their communities.
As women put it to Amnesty International delegates:
"Women will not tell you easily if such a thing happens to them. In our culture, it is a shame, and women will hide this in their hearts so that the men do not hear about it."
"Women will not tell you spontaneously if they were raped, it is a hidden shame. However, if you are asking, some women will tell you. The women have rights too and we are happy if someone is concerned about this."
In Sasa, near Kornoy, two girls(12), respectively aged 15 and 14, were reportedly raped by Arab militia, according to a woman interviewed by Amnesty International delegates in Tina.
In Murli, three girls, aged 10, 15 and 17, who had fled the attack were found by the attackers in the bush and reportedly raped. The girls are said to still be in Sudan where they receive help from traditional healers. Two others, aged 20 and 25, were also reportedly raped by the attackers on the road while they were coming back to the village after fetching water. These reports were given to Amnesty International by two women who came from the same village as these girls and knew them.
A man from Suani said: "A lot of women were beaten during the attack, with sticks and gun butts. Some of them were wounded and went to the hospital in Al-Jeneina. But you need money to go to the hospital. There are also ten women in our village who were used by force as wives by the Arabs."
2.1.3 destruction of villages, crops and #####ng of cattle and property
Ground attacks seemed not only to aim at killing the people, but also their livelihoods and their very means of subsistence. In a region prone to drought and underdevelopment, the destruction of houses and crops bears terrible consequences on the coping strategies of the local population. It means that shelter and food, essential commodities and also economic and social rights are being denied to the population. The displacement triggered by direct attacks on civilian villages is also adding pressure on the populations of towns in Darfur or in Chad where others take refuge.
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| العنوان |
الكاتب |
Date |
| تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 12:56 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:00 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:07 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:15 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:28 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:50 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 01:58 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 02:41 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 03:07 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 03:16 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-04-04, 05:04 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 05:17 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:19 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:21 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:24 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:26 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:33 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:37 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 10:39 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 09:48 AM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 01:13 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 01:23 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 03:01 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | nahar osman nahar | 02-05-04, 05:22 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 07:00 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 07:05 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 07:17 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 08:05 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-05-04, 08:44 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 03:18 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 04:07 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 04:13 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 04:34 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 04:35 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-07-04, 12:17 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-07-04, 12:21 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-09-04, 03:43 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-09-04, 03:50 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-27-04, 02:03 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-27-04, 02:11 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 02-29-04, 03:07 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 11:59 AM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 12:15 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 05:09 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 05:16 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 05:26 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 05:45 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 06:15 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-06-04, 06:25 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:34 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:37 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:51 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:55 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 02:57 PM |
| Re: تحرير الكتاب التوثيقي لثورة دارفور | فتحي البحيري | 03-07-04, 03:00 PM |
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