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 Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين (Re: Elmuiz Haggaz)
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Collective compensation (Diya):
Diya is a traditional system of collective compensation employed across Sudan and other African countries. In Darfur, it is restricted, but with some flexibility, to unintentional homicide, injuries and damage to property. For compensation to qualify for Diya assistance, it must be too large for a single household to muster. In effect, this is a collective responsibility for individual offences. Nonetheless, and like many other traditional systems of conflict resolution, Diya constitutes a process for collective action and periodic consolidation of group solidarity.
A network of permanent officers is elected to administer Diya. They form hierarchical lines of personnel chosen on hereditary basis with the sole role of operating the Diya. Ethnic groups are divided into lineages (Khashim biout) and sub-lineages (warrayat) with a person in charge of the collection of contribution for each division or sub-division.
The Berti whose system I describe below is a good example which is common in Darfur but not without some variations. At the apex of the structure of Diya sits the Farsha who covers a large territory for the group. Below the Farsha is the Duwana who is responsible for the mobilisation and collection of contributions of several lineages. Up to 50 lineages could come under a Duwana consisting of more than 10,000 households. Each lineage is under a Dimlig who is appointed for the same purpose. The Farsha, Duwana and Dimlig have deputies spread across all areas where they have relatives including the capital Khartoum. Diya representatives may seek assistance from the local administration to execute their work as the latter recognises and fully supports the Diya system as a legitimate course of conflict settlement.
Payment of Diya is worked out by dividing the amount of imposed compensation over the number of contributing households. Due to the spread of population, the collection of money is an arduous and inefficient task requiring several years to complete. Payment is relatively small due to large number of contributors. For example, homicide triggers a levy as a low as LS100 (EU0.30) per household with only married people eligible for contribution. Payment of Diya is seen as an honourable deed, symbolic of belonging to the group with few who are prepared to endure the shame of not meeting the obligation.
Although the Diya is theoretically restricted to unintentional offences, it is often extended to cater for crimes of collective aims that are deliberately committed. Crimes committed to advance the cause of a group constitute a breach of national legal codes but there are always some ways around that. In ethnic disputes where intentional killings are committed, the government itself ignores national justice codes and resorts to Diya to settle conflicts. The sophisticated outreach of the Diya institution, coupled with sanctioned flexibility, make it a perfect candidate for use in post-Darfur conflict.
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| العنوان |
الكاتب |
Date |
| تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-19-10, 06:49 PM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-19-10, 06:54 PM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-19-10, 07:02 PM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-19-10, 07:55 PM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-19-10, 08:00 PM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-19-10, 08:05 PM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-19-10, 08:08 PM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-19-10, 08:10 PM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-19-10, 08:12 PM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-19-10, 11:01 PM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-19-10, 11:04 PM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-19-10, 11:06 PM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-20-10, 00:00 AM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-20-10, 09:18 AM |
| Re: تلخيص: From war to peace and reconciliation in Darfur منتدى عماد الأمين | Elmuiz Haggaz | 02-22-10, 12:11 PM |
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Elmuiz Haggaz
فيس بوك
تويتر
انستقرام
يوتيوب
بنتيريست