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 Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! (Re: Khalid Kodi)
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When Iran was the enemy
The U.S. supported Saddam in his ruthless war against Iran
From wire reports
Saddam Hussein, who often identifies his deeds with the epic past, took the name from a famous 7th century victory of Arab Muslims over a Persian army. But Saddam's Qadissiya -- the 1980-88 war against Iran, the Persia of today -- had no such decisive outcome.
Begun with an Iraqi thrust into Iran in September 1980, the war dragged on for eight years before sputtering out in stalemate. More than 1 million people died on both sides of the conflict. After the war ended, huge war debts to then-allies like Kuwait helped set the stage for Iraq's invasion of its smaller neighbor -- and for the economic devastation suffered by the Iraqi people to this day.
At the war's start, some Iraqi officials promised victory in a month. Iran was thought to be in chaos just a year after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's Islamic revolution, and the purges to rid the army of the last vestiges of the Shah of Iran's rule.
Iraq, by contrast, was flush with oil money. It had built the best universities and hospitals in the Arab world. Its arts were thriving. Older parts of Baghdad had been torn down and replaced by elevated highways and modern apartment buildings with the occasional Moorish touch -- all put up by Japanese, South Korean and European contractors reaping profits from the 1970s oil boom.
The ostensible causes of the war were border disputes that went back centuries, especially where to draw the border in the Shatt al-Arab, the estuary that divides the countries in the south and is Iraq's only outlet to the sea.
Saddam also was fighting Iran's pledge to spread Islamic revolution across the world. His Baath Party prided itself on its secularism. He won backing from nervous monarchies in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia -- and from the United States, whose diplomats had been held hostage by Iranian radicals for 444 days inside the U.S. Embassy in Tehran.
Saddam envisioned a greater role for himself in the Arab world, too, after Egypt, the traditional regional power, had been isolated for its 1979 peace treaty with Israel.
But Saddam underestimated the Iranian resistance, typified by young zealots pouring across mine fields to attack Iraqi troops who had occupied their land. There would be no quick victory. Before long, the homefront was suffering. Even oil-rich Iraq could not afford both guns and butter. Funds for development and imported Western goods were slashed. Civil service jobs were cut.
With progress in the war faltering, Washington provided Iraq with intelligence and poured billions of dollars into arms and economic aid.
"Iraqis realized they needed a big and strong friend and they found that in the United States," said Abdel Amir a reserve officer in the war, who now lives in Jordan and is editor of Al-Massala magazine published by Iraqi writers in exile.
For eight years, fierce campaigns were interspersed with stalemate. Missiles rained on Iraqi and Iranian cities. Iran attacked ships in the Persian Gulf, and the United States was drawn deeper into the conflict, sending Navy warships to protect Kuwaiti tankers temporarily outfitted with American flags.
On July 20, 1987, the U.N. Security Council adopted resolution 598 demanding a cease-fire. Iraq was agreeable, but Iran refused.
The demand of Ayatollah Khomeini for ending the war sounds familiar in 2003 -- he wanted the ouster and trial of Saddam Hussein.
The battles raged on. Iraq's forces, which had used mustard gas on Iranian soldiers, used it on minority Kurds in Iraq who rebelled in the north in March 1988. Starting that April, Iraq began recapturing lands Iran had seized after driving out Iraqi invaders from its own territory.
Iran was wearing down. Convinced by his generals that Iran could not win, Khomeini accepted resolution 598 nearly a year after it was adopted.
The war officially ended under the U.N. cease-fire on Aug. 20, 1988. Neither side gained land. The only result was death and destruction.
In Iraq, weary soldiers returned from the front to find few jobs available. Saddam desperately needed money to pump up the economy and demanded that Kuwait and Saudi Arabia forgive debts incurred during the war with Iran.
When the answer was no, Saddam accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq's oil through wells pumped under the two countries' border. Summoning the past again -- saying Kuwait was historically an Iraqi province -- he invaded the country on Aug. 2, 1990.
That brought on the Gulf War in which the United States led an international coalition to drive its former ally from Kuwait. And it brought U.N. sanctions limiting Iraq's oil income. The sanctions, the Security Council ruled, could not be ended until Iraq gave up its weapons of mass destruction.
Today, the United States is threatening a new war on Iraq, accusing Saddam of continuing to hide chemical and biological weapons. A dozen years after the Kuwaiti invasion, Iraq's 24 million people still are living under U.N. economic sanctions.
http://www.spokesmanreview.com/iraq/background/iran.asp
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| العنوان |
الكاتب |
Date |
| إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-12-06, 05:49 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-12-06, 05:56 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-13-06, 03:29 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | الجيلى أحمد | 04-13-06, 04:34 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-14-06, 07:18 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | الجيلى أحمد | 04-14-06, 08:59 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | هشام مدنى | 04-12-06, 05:58 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-13-06, 04:16 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-12-06, 06:18 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-14-06, 08:38 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-12-06, 06:32 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Abdulgadir Dongos | 04-12-06, 08:08 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Khalid Kodi | 04-12-06, 08:32 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Abdulgadir Dongos | 04-12-06, 09:29 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-14-06, 09:41 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-14-06, 09:15 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-14-06, 08:54 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Khalid Kodi | 04-12-06, 08:25 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Khalid Kodi | 04-12-06, 08:34 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Khalid Kodi | 04-12-06, 08:36 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-14-06, 11:23 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Shao Dorsheed | 04-12-06, 08:36 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Khalid Kodi | 04-12-06, 08:44 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Khalid Kodi | 04-12-06, 08:51 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Khalid Kodi | 04-12-06, 09:04 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-12-06, 09:02 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Khalid Kodi | 04-12-06, 09:09 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Abdulgadir Dongos | 04-12-06, 09:43 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-12-06, 11:23 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | abraham deng | 04-13-06, 04:59 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-13-06, 09:35 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | محى الدين ابكر سليمان | 04-13-06, 02:43 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-26-06, 11:40 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Abdulgadir Dongos | 04-13-06, 02:58 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Abdulgadir Dongos | 04-13-06, 03:10 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | محى الدين ابكر سليمان | 04-13-06, 03:46 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-13-06, 04:47 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-13-06, 09:25 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-14-06, 09:52 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-14-06, 12:48 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-14-06, 07:59 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Abdulgadir Dongos | 04-18-06, 02:42 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-19-06, 10:53 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-19-06, 11:58 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-19-06, 01:12 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-19-06, 03:53 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Omar Bob | 04-20-06, 01:14 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-25-06, 01:00 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | الطيب بشير | 04-20-06, 07:24 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-20-06, 09:06 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | الطيب بشير | 04-20-06, 11:44 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-25-06, 02:54 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-25-06, 02:29 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-20-06, 05:07 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | الطيب بشير | 04-20-06, 05:47 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | moniem rahim | 04-20-06, 07:00 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-26-06, 10:24 AM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | حسين يوسف احمد | 04-25-06, 03:23 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Hassan M Saeed | 04-20-06, 07:46 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | ALazhary2 | 04-20-06, 08:03 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Hassan M Saeed | 04-20-06, 08:15 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-25-06, 01:21 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | محمد حسن العمدة | 04-25-06, 03:12 PM |
| Re: إلـى ديـنـق .. هنـا بـاخـدك قـدر عـقـلك ..!!!! | Deng | 04-26-06, 10:09 PM |
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