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Quote: Music Musical Terms for April 29-May 1, 1998 Missa Luba Duke Ellington, Sacred Concert No.1 (1965) Folk Music--In popular usage, this term refers to music of oral traditions, often in relatively simple style, primarily of rural provenance, normally lacking an identifiable composer and performed by non-professionals, used and understood by broad segments of a population and especially by the lower socioeconomic classes, characteristic of a nation, society, or ethnic group, and claimed by one of these as its own. Since this is a romanticized picture that has often been imbued with political significance, the term "folk music" is avoided by specialists in ethnomusicology,the study of musical cultures. Traditional Music--A term used by ethnomusicologists in preference to "folk music," this refers to types of music that are handed down within a particular culture, by a variety of means that may include oral transmission, written notation, study with professional teachers, or improvisation within culturally-defined parameters. Traditional music may have a place in society that makes it more like the Western conception of "classical" music than like "folk" music, but it does tend to be associated with rural societies or conservative areas of society. Popular music-- Music accessible to a wide audience, distributed through the mass media as a commercial product. It tends to be associated with urban rather than rural cultures, and is performed by professional musicians. Spiritual--A religious song used in English-speaking "free churches," especially in the United States, close to the style of popular music in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Related types were cultivated by both whites and blacks throughout the 19th century and into the 20th. Gospel Music--The successor to spirituals, consisting of religious songs close to the style of late-nineteenth-century popular music. As with the spiritual, there are both white and black varieties. Call and Response--Alternation between two performers or groups of performers, especially between a solo singer and a group of singers. Black American work songs and gospel music make use of this device, which may have derived from "free church" preaching style. American popular music adapts it, for example, in interplay between a blues or rock singer and a guitar, two sections of a jazz ensemble, and a soul singer and audience. تصبيره كدي لمن اجي