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 Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Crispus Attucks
(Circa 1723-1770)
Background and Early Years
Crispus Attucks was born around 1723 and was the first of five people slaughtered in the Boston Massacre. He has been frequently named as the first martyr of the American Revolution and remains the only person killed in the Boston Massacre whose name is commonly remembered. He is, thus, an important and inspirational figure in American history.
Little is known for certain about Attucks, however, fragmentary evidence suggests that he may have been a "mulatto,” that is a person of mixed racial identity. He is believed to be of African and Native American ancestry. In the early 1800s, as the Abolitionist movement gained momentum in Boston, Attucks was lauded as an example of a black American who played a heroic role in the history of the United States. Because Crispus Attucks may also have had Wampanoag Indian ancestors, his story also holds special significance for many Native Americans.
Few facts are known about Crispus, but an October 2, 1750, advertisement placed in the Boston Gazette read: “...ran away from his Master William Brown on the 30th of September last, a mulatto fellow, about 27 years of age, named Crispus, 6 feet, 2 inches high, short curl'd hair, his knees near together than common: had on a light colour'd bearskin coat.” Master William Brown offered a reward of £10 for his return. Given the lack of evidence to the contrary, this passage is often associated with Attucks.
An American Indian named John Attucks was executed for treason in 1676, in England, during King Philip's War. In the 1700s, the surname “Attucks” was used by some Praying Indians around Natick-Framingham, Mass. This surname is believed to be an Anglicization of the Wôpanââk word “ahtuk” meaning “deer.”
Native American people and people of African descent frequently had children together in colonial times, as evidenced by early period accounts and by the prevalence today of African phenotypes among Indian tribal groups in New England. Also through phenotypes of other long-established multiracial groups in the Eastern United States. This leads to speculation that Attucks had both African and Native American ancestry.
In popular versions of the narrative, Attucks was born to an African-born Black slave man, named Prince Yonger, and a Native American woman, named Nancy Attucks, who was from either the Natick-Framingham, Mass., area of Middlesex County, which was just west of Boston, or from the island of Nantucket south of Cape Cod, Mass. Attucks grew up in the household of Colonel Buckminster, his father’s master, until sold to Deacon William Brown of Framingham. Unhappy with his situation, Attucks escaped and is believed to have become a rope maker, a manual laborer or a whaler. His quarrel with the British soldiers on March 5, 1770, a result of his righteous indignation regarding the effect of the Townshend Acts imposed by Britain on the local economy, as well as the incidents that had taken place earlier that day.
Role in the Massacre
In 1768, Boston was occupied by British soldiers to help control growing colonial unrest, and possible American revolt, but this only increased tensions with those colonists who opposed British domination over the newly founded American colonies. On March 5, 1770, a crowd of colonists gathered and confronted a group of soldiers about an incident earlier that day in which a soldier struck a boy who confronted him over non-payment of a barber bill.
As anger escalated, a church bell was struck, as it did in the case of fire or another emergency, drawing people out of their homes. The British soldiers of the 29th Regiment were called to duty in response. Townspeople began hurling snowballs and debris at the soldiers. A group of men with clubs in hand, led by Attucks, approached the vicinity of the government building, now known as Old State House, where mobs and soldiers began to tussle. Soon violence broke out, and a soldier was struck by a thrown piece of wood. Some accounts name Attucks as the person responsible for that. Other witnesses, however, stated that Attucks was "leaning upon a stick" when the soldiers opened fire at the Americans.
Three Americans were killed and two were severely wounded. Court documents state that Attucks was the first one killed having taken two bullets in the chest. Attucks’s body was carried to Faneuil Hall where it lay in state until March 8 when he and the other victims were buried together. Because Attucks and others stood up against the British soldiers, who they thought to be tyrannical, he and those in the Massacre are seen as some of the first American Revolutionaries. Attucks is therefore, seen as one of the first American martyrs for freedom.
Aftermath of the Massacre
Based on the premise of self-defense, Attorney John Adams successfully defended the British soldiers against a murder charge for killing Attucks and others. Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter. As soldiers of the King of England, they were given the choice of hanging or being branded on their thumb as punishment. They both chose to be branded. In his arguments, Adams called the crowd "a motley rabble of saucy boys, Negros and molattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs."
Samuel Adams, a cousin of John Adams who held civil disobedience in higher regard, named the event the Boston Massacre two years later and helped assure that it would not be forgotten. Bostonian artist Henry Pelham created an image of the event. Paul Revere made a copy of the image from which prints were made and distributed. Some copies of the print show a man with two chest wounds and dark face who is assumed to be Crispus Attucks.
The five who were killed received an honorary burial in the Granary Burying Ground, where the graves of people like John Hancock and other notable figures are also interred. Law and custom of the period prohibited the burial of Black people in close proximity to White people, which in the racial terminology of the day may also explain that Attucks was considered mulatto rather than “Negro” (African-descent). The aforementioned clues and other circumstantial evidence of the period have given rise to speculation which has, over many decades, become much-repeated folk-history.
Attuck’s Legacy
Attucks has often been praised in writing that was meant to inspire individuals to work towards the ideals of freedom and racial equality. Later, in 1858, Boston-area abolitionists established "Crispus Attucks Day" in honor of his ideals and activist spirit. In 1888, a monument honoring him was erected on Boston Common.
Poet John Boyle O'Reilly in his poetry, described Attucks as "leader and voice that day; The first to defy, and the first to die...riot or revolution, or mob or crowd as you may, such deaths have been seeds of nations." In 1964, Martin Luther King Jr. in the introduction of the book Why We Can't Wait, referred to Attucks as an example of a man whose contribution to history, though much overlooked by standard historians, could be revered as a source of moral courage.
One author wrote this stirring testimony to Attucks’s significance: “He is one of the most important figures in African-American history, not for what he did for his own race but for what he did for all oppressed people everywhere. He is a reminder that the African-American heritage is not only African but American and it is a heritage that begins with the beginning of America.”
In 1888, leaders of both the Massachusetts Historical Society and the New England Historic Genealogical Society opposed the creation of the Crispus Attucks memorial on Boston Common. However, today, both organizations use Attucks’s name to foster interest in Black history and genealogy.
Places named in honor of Attucks include the Crispus Attucks High School in Indianapolis, Ind., the Crispus Attucks Elementary School in Kansas City, Mo., and the Attucks Theatre in Norfolk, Va.
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| العنوان |
الكاتب |
Date |
| شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-06-08, 00:15 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-06-08, 00:25 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-06-08, 00:34 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-06-08, 00:45 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-06-08, 01:18 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-06-08, 03:16 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-06-08, 09:26 PM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-06-08, 09:30 PM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-06-08, 09:33 PM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | shahto | 02-06-08, 10:08 PM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-06-08, 10:41 PM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | Khalid Kodi | 02-07-08, 00:46 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-07-08, 02:21 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-07-08, 03:25 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-07-08, 03:30 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-09-08, 00:47 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-09-08, 00:50 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-10-08, 07:30 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-10-08, 07:33 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-10-08, 07:35 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-10-08, 07:39 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-10-08, 10:42 PM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-10-08, 10:45 PM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | Khalid Kodi | 02-11-08, 06:57 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | Khalid Kodi | 02-11-08, 07:00 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | Khalid Kodi | 02-11-08, 07:03 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | Khalid Kodi | 02-11-08, 07:05 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | Khalid Kodi | 02-11-08, 07:15 AM |
| Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي | عبدالغني بريش فيوف | 02-11-08, 07:23 AM |
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عبدالغني بريش فيوف
فيس بوك
تويتر
انستقرام
يوتيوب
بنتيريست