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 Archaeologists explore lost kingdom on the Nile
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Archaeologists explore lost kingdom on the Nile
By John Noble Wilford Published: June 19, 2007
NEW YORK: On the periphery of history in antiquity, there was a land known as Kush. Overshadowed by Egypt, to the north, it was a place of uncharted breadth and depth far up the Nile, a mystery verging on myth. One thing the Egyptians did know and recorded: Kush had gold.
Scholars have come to learn that there was more to the culture of Kush than was previously suspected. From deciphered Egyptian documents and modern archaeological research, it is now known that for five centuries in the second millennium B.C., the kingdom of Kush flourished with the political and military prowess to maintain some control over a wide territory in Africa.
Kush's governing success would seem to have been anomalous, or else conventional ideas about statehood rest too narrowly on the experiences of early civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt and China. How could a fairly complex state society exist without a writing system, an extensive bureaucracy or major urban centers, none of which Kush evidently had?
Archaeologists are now finding some answers - at least intriguing insights - emerging in advance of rising Nile waters behind a new dam in northern Sudan. Hurried excavations are uncovering ancient settlements, cemeteries and gold-processing centers in regions previously unexplored.
In recent reports and interviews, archaeologists said they had found widespread evidence that the kingdom of Kush, in its ascendancy from 2000 B.C. to 1500 B.C., exerted control or at least influence over a 1,200-kilometer, or 750-mile, stretch of the Nile Valley. This region extended from the first cataract in the Nile, as attested by an Egyptian monument, all the way upstream to beyond the fourth cataract. The area covered part of the larger geographic region of indeterminate borders known in antiquity as Nubia.
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Some archaeologists theorize that the discoveries show that the rulers of Kush were the first in sub-Saharan Africa to hold sway over so vast a territory.
"This makes Kush a more major player in political and military dynamics of the time than we knew before," said Geoff Emberling, co-leader of a University of Chicago expedition. "Studying Kush helps scholars have a better idea of what statehood meant in an ancient context outside such established power centers of Egypt and Mesopotamia."
Over the last few years, archaeological teams from Britain, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Sudan and the United States have raced to dig at sites that will soon be underwater. The teams were surprised to find hundreds of settlement ruins, cemeteries and examples of rock art that had never been studied. One of the most comprehensive salvage operations has been conducted by groups headed by Henryk Paner of the Gdansk Archaeological Museum in Poland, which surveyed 711 ancient sites in 2003 alone.
"This area is so incredibly rich in archaeology," Derek Welsby of the British Museum said in a report last winter in Archaeology magazine.
The scale of the salvage effort hardly compares with the response in the 1960s to the Aswan High Dam, which flooded a part of Nubia that then reached into what is southern Egypt. Imposing temples that the pharaohs erected at Abu Simbel and Philae were dismantled and restored on higher ground.
The Ku####es, however, left no such grand architecture to be rescued. Their kingdom declined and eventually disappeared by the end of the 16th century B.C., as Egypt grew more powerful and expansive under rulers of the period known as the New Kingdom.
In Sudan, the Merowe Dam, built by Chinese engineers with French and German subcontractors, stands at the downstream end of the fourth cataract, a narrow passage of rapids and islands. The rising Nile waters will create a lake three kilometers wide and 100 kilometers long, displacing more than 50,000 people of the Manasir, Rubatab and Shaiqiyah tribes. Most archaeologists expect this to be their last year for exploring Kush sites nearest the former riverbanks.
In the first three months of this year, archaeologists from the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago scoured the rock and ruins of a desolate site called Hosh el-Geruf, upstream from the fourth cataract and about 360 kilometers north of Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. Their most striking discovery was ample artifacts of Ku####e gold processing.
Gold was already known as a source of Kush's wealth through trade with Egypt. Other remains of gold-processing works had been found in the region, though none with such a concentration of artifacts. Emberling said that more than 55 huge grinding stones were scattered along the riverbank.
But the archaeologists saw more in their discovery than the glitter of gold. The grinding stones were too large and numerous to have been used only for processing gold for local trade. Ceramics at the site were in the style and period of Kush's classic flowering, about 1750 B.C. to 1550 B.C.
This appeared to be strong evidence for a close relationship between the gold-processing settlement and ancient Kerma, the seat of the kingdom at the third cataract, about 400 kilometers downstream. The modern city of Kerma has spread over the ancient site, but some of the ruins are protected for further research by Swiss archaeologists, whose work will not be affected by the new dam.
"The exciting thing to me," Bruce Williams, a research associate at the Oriental Institute and a co-leader of the expedition, said, "is that we are really seeing intensive organization activity from a distance, and the only reasonable attribution is that it belongs to Kush."
The research is supported by the Packard Humanities Institute and the National Geographic Society. The Hosh el-Geruf site is in the research area assigned by the Sudanese authorities to the Gdansk Museum, which invited the Chicago team to dig there.
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JOK BIONG
فيس بوك
تويتر
انستقرام
يوتيوب
بنتيريست