الهوامش:
1) Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extreme, A History of the World, 1914-1991, Pantheon Books, New York, p.109-110 and 111.
2) See, Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, (eds.) Democracy in Developing Countries, Vol. 2 Africa, Vol. 3 Asia and Vol. 4, Latin America, Lynn Rienner Publishers, Boulder Colorado, 1989.
3) For example, Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave, Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Oklahoma University Press, 1991.
Francis Fukuyama celebrated this turn in his: The End of History and the Last Man, Penguin, 1991.
4) This is one of the opening remarks the historian Eric Hobsbawm advances in his Age of Extremes.
5) Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Penguin first published 1776 (1986. on the French school of liberal economists, known as the Physiocrats, See, Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, Moscow, Progress Publishers, volume 1., )1963( 1975, p.44 and passim.
6) John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, A Future Perfect, The Essentials of Globalization, Crown Business, NY, 2000, p.17, 164-171.
7) On the nationalistic aspects of totalitarian Nazism and Fascism relative to nationalism, see, Hans Kohen, Nationalism Its Meaning and History, Van Nostrad, Princeton, New Jersey, ) 1955( 1965, p.70-1, 73-80.
 According to E. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, Blackwell, Oxford, )1983( 1992 p.44.
9) Guillermo O'Donnell, Philipe C. Schmitter and Lawrence Whitehead )eds.(, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy, 4 volumes John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1986. Also: John H. Herz, From Dictatorship to Democracy, Coping with the Legacies of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism, Greenwood Press, Wesport, Connecticut, 1982; Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1996.
10) David Held, Models of Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, )1996( 2nd. edition, 1999. For the schema of these models see pages: 33, 55, 61, 99, 116, 152, 197, 217, 261, 271, 324 and 358.
11) See, Ronald J. Terchek and Thomas C. Conte (eds.) Theories of Democracy, Rowman & Litlefield Publishers, Lanham, Boulder, New York and Oxford,, 2001.
Fareed Zakaria, The Rise of Illiberal Democracy, Foreign Affairs, November, 1997 p.22-43.
Gerardo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen, Conceptualizing And Measuring Democracy, Evaluating Alternative Indices, Comparative Political Studies, volume 35, No.1, February 2002, p.5-34.
Michael Coppedge, Democracy and Dimensions, Comments on Munck and Verkuilen, Comparative Political Studies, Vol.3, No.1, February 2002, pp.35-39.
12) Emitai Etzioni, From Empire to Community, A New Approach to International Relations, Palgrave, Macmillan, 2004.
See also, Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question, Polity, Cambridge, (1996) 1999.
Mike Featherstone )ed.(, Global Culture, Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, Sage Publishers, London, 1990.
13) In, Our Global Neighbourhood, The Report of the Commission on Global Governance, Oxford University Press, 1995, we find detailed accounts on how respect for life, liberty, justice and equity, caring, integrity, self-determination, security of people, rights and responsibilities have become so wide spread that they create a global ethical and moral environment of our world.
Among the manifestation of modern life is the growth and spread of a global civil society. See, Helmut Anheier, Marlis Glasius, Mary Kaldor )eds.(, Global Civil Society, 2001 and 2002, Oxford University, Press, 2001 and 2002.
14) Philipe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, What Democracy Is... And Is Not, Journal of Democracy, Vol.2, No.3, Summer 1991. 75-88.
15) Perhaps Thomas Hobbs was, after Grutius, the major theoretician of {social contract}, although Hobbs used the word {covenant} rather than {contract}. The term covenant has an ecclesiastical connotation, derived as it were from the Old Testament. But Hobbs covenant is worldly and mundane. His worldly {sovereign}, the Leviathan, has even the right to control and manipulate religion in the service of the realm. See, Thomas, Hobbs, The Leviathan, edited with an introduction by C.B. Macpherson, Penguin, )1951( 1985, p.567-575 and passim.
16) Montesquieu, op.cit., p.156 and passim.
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, The Federalist Papers. 1788 McLean edition, NY, New American library, 1961.
17) A. Tocqueville Democracy in America; translated by Henry Reeve, London, Oxford University Press, 1959. see also, John Ehrenberg, Civil Society, The Critical History of an Idea, New York University Press, New York, London, 1999.
1 Zbigniew Brzezinski, Between Two Ages, America's Role in the Technetronic Era, Penguin Books, 1970.
19) Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, Beacon Press, Boston, 1966, p.p.418, 420.
20) I cannot think of a better example than Theda Skocpol's, State and Social Revolution; and, Social Revolutions in the Modern World.
21) Weber considered rational capitalism and liberal political systems as peculiar to the West. See, The Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism, translated by Talcott Parsons, introduction by Anthony Giddens, Harper Collins, London, )1930( 1991. In modern times, the names of the historian Bernard Lewis, Samuel Huntington or Elie Kedourie, are among many culturalist voices.
Elie Kedourie, Democracy and Arab Political Culture, A Washington Institute Monograph, 1992.
22) Aristotle, The Politics, Penguin Books, translated by T A Sinclair, revised and represented by Trevor J Saunders, 1981, p189-90.
23) See further below.
24) Ehrenberg, op. cit. p.199 and passim.
25) Diamond, Linz and Lipset, op. cit., V.2, pp.25.
26) Schmitter and Karl, op. cit. p.76.
27) Ibid., p.76-80.
2 Ibid. p.81.
29) Diamond, Linz and Lipset, op. cit., p., V.2 p.5 and passim.
30) On the cultural approach on democracy in the Middle East, see, Elie Kedourie, Democracy And the Arab Political Culture, A Washington Institute Monograph, 1992.
See also: Yehuda Mirsky and Matt Ahrens )eds.( Democracy in the Middle East, Defining the Challenge, A Washington Institute Monograph, 1993.
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