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 Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر (Re: ابو يسرا)
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I THINK THIS WILL SHADE SOME LIGHT ON THE POLICY OF INTEREST THAT LED BY EGYPT.....
Egypt's Foreign Policy in Mubarak's Fourth Term
From: By Dr. Osama al-Ghazali Harb (AlSiyassa Al Dawliya)
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Egypt's Foreign Policy in Mubarak's Fourth Term Dr. Osama al-Ghazali Harb On 26 September 1999, five days before this issue was published, a referendum was held on President Hosni Mubarak's nomination for a fourth term as president. As was expected, the overwhelming majority of Egyptians said 'yes' to Mubarak for a new term to end in 2005, making his tenure one of the longest in Egypt's contemporary history.
Mubarak's unprecedented popular support reflects the achievements of his policies, which have impacted on the everyday life of those from all sectors of society. His tangible achievements include creating job opportunities through huge national projects, raising the standard of living, and improving sectors such as housing, water, electricity, communications, and roads.
It was only to be expected that domestic issues would be the main focus of the discussions held during the mobilization period preceeding the referendum. Focusing on domestic issues is a general feature of legislative and presidential campaigns worldwide. However, this does not indicate any sort of separation between Mubarak's foreign and domestic policies which are, in fact, closely linked.
Foreign policy, unlike domestic policy, is not an area of much conflict between the government and the opposition. The main features of Mubarak's foreign policy are approved by the majority of political powers regardless of their political tendencies. It is expected that the basic traits of Egypt's policies, which have been applied for the last eighteen years, will continue in Mubarak's fourth term.
The main feature of Mubarak's foreign policy is its strong link to national economic interests; it is not concerned with abstract achievements for the sake of propaganda. The main target is to improve vital Egyptian interests, mainly economic interests that affect the ordinary Egyptian citizen. Economists and businessmen now play a vital role in foreign relations and have become an indispensable part of every Egyptian delegation that accompanies the president on his foreign visits. A remarkable feature of Egypt's foreign policy since 1922 is that it has remained independent in the face of various superpowers and foreign alliances, particularly since the July 1952 revolution.
Since the 1990s, there have been drastic changes in the world order, with the end of the bi-polar system and the collapse of the Soviet Union and the communist bloc. These changes have of course impacted on the way Egyptians perceive and practice their foreign policy, though they have not influenced the core values.
Egyptian diplomacy and foreign policy have continually aimed to consolidate Egypt's regional and international role. Egypt is one of the few countries whose foreign role surpasses its human and material potential. This can be attributed to Egypt's long history, its prime geographical position, and its mixing of Eastern and Western cultures. Egypt has also succeeded in blending the traditional and the modern while eliminating hostility, fanaticism, and extremism and embracing tolerance and moderation.
These characteristics are mirrored in some of the main aspects of Egypt's foreign policy. Foremost of these is Egypt's strong desire to consolidate the Arab-Israeli peace process. It is worth noting that Mubarak assumed power in 1981, that is to say two years after the signing of the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty and before full Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Because of the treaty, there was considerable Arab hostility towards Egypt at this time and a complete Arab boycott of the country. Mubarak, therefore, had to lead Egypt's diplomacy and foreign policy along two parallel tracks: complete respect of the peace treaty and commitment to completion of the peace process, while at the same time exerting relentless efforts to restore Egyptian-Arab relations.
This strategy succeeded and, in April 1982, Mubarak restored Sinai to Egypt after a full Israeli pull-out. Egypt then began a fierce legal battle over possession of Taba, which it recovered on 29 September 1987. Egypt fully respected all its commitments with Israel, leaving the process of normalization to develop according to the will of Egypt's people and civil institutions.
Mubarak managed to differentiate between Egypt's peaceful relations with Israel and its condemnation of the acts of violence and aggression that Lebanon and the Palestinians were subjected to during the 1980s. He thus succeeded in restoring good relations with the Arab states and in returning the Arab League to its Cairo headquarters, initiating a new era of Arab reconciliation.
In August 1990, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait wrecked all Arab hopes of unity and led to an unprecedented lack of Arab cohesion. Yet it constituted a catalyst for more international efforts to resume the Arab-Israeli peace process, leading to the 1991 Madrid peace conference.
Since this time, Egypt has shouldered the responsibility of sponsoring the peace process. Even after the 1993 Oslo agreement between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and the 1994 Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty, Egypt sustained its efforts - despite then Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu's negative policies - on all tracks of the peace process. Egyptian diplomacy welcomed Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak's promising declarations and his promises to execute the Wye River agreement.
The second aim of Egypt's foreign policy is to maintain good relations with the United States, based on the principle of equality rather than dependence and without conceding the independence of Egypt's decisionmaking. This sort of relationship seems logical between a Middle Eastern regional power and a superpower at the top of the world order and this is affirmed by the coordination between both countries over vital regional issues.
During Mubarak's presidency, there have been many differences of opinion between the two sides, on issues such as nuclear armament in the Middle East and around the world, the details of the peace process with Israel, and Egypt's policy towards Libya, Iraq, and Sudan. However, these disagreements highlight the independence of Egyptian foreign policy. The third important dimension of Egypt's foreign policy is its stance against terrorism and violence and its call for peace. This can be seen in two of Mubarak's initiatives: his bid to rid the Middle East of nuclear weapons; and his call for coordinated efforts to confront international terrorism.
Although the latter initiative was well received in the United States and around the world, the special relations binding the United States and Israel placed many reservations and obstacles on the road to regional nuclear disarmament. Egypt saw this policy as a double standard which encouraged violence and increased feelings of oppression in the developing world. Egypt's foreign policy under Mubarak has definitely expanded and is likely to expand more, taking into consideration areas that were previously out of its conventional interest. Egypt's foreign policy at the outset of the 1950s, under Gamal Abdel-Nasser's leadership, focused mainly on Arab, African, and Islamic matters. But in the 1980s and 1990s, Egypt began to focus on new areas, including Asia and the Mediterranean.
The interest in Asia came as a response to the significant developments there, specially the increasing role of China in international politics and the emerging economic impact of Japan, India, and the Asian tigers. The interest in the Mediterranean region was a response to the perceived future challenges to regional cooperation. In a world of ever-increasing economic groupings, it is considered inevitable that there will be an agreement between the countries north and south of the Mediterranean.
In this context, the continuation of Egypt's foreign policy under Mubarak is necessary to serve the interests of the Egyptian people and realize their hopes for progress and prosperity
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الكاتب |
Date |
 إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | ابو يسرا | 01-31-03, 06:02 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | مارد | 01-31-03, 06:19 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | Elmosley | 01-31-03, 06:33 PM |
 Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | willeim andrea | 01-31-03, 08:39 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | DKEEN | 01-31-03, 09:44 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | Deng | 02-01-03, 03:14 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | bit-alkhaleel | 02-01-03, 04:16 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | مارد | 02-01-03, 06:43 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | Elsadiq | 02-01-03, 08:03 AM |
| السودان ومصر والامم المتحدة في حلقات | mo | 02-01-03, 08:33 AM |
| Re: السودان ومصر والامم المتحدة في حلقات | مارد | 02-01-03, 08:46 AM |
| Re: السودان ومصر والامم المتحدة في حلقات | مارد | 02-01-03, 09:23 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | Kudouda | 02-01-03, 02:46 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | مارد | 02-01-03, 06:32 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | Kudouda | 02-01-03, 08:12 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | abdel abayazid | 02-01-03, 08:41 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | مارد | 02-01-03, 09:23 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | abdel abayazid | 02-02-03, 02:50 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | مارد | 02-02-03, 07:35 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | مارد | 02-02-03, 07:36 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | sentimental | 02-02-03, 08:29 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | مارد | 02-03-03, 04:06 AM |
 Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | degna | 02-03-03, 04:42 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | مارد | 02-03-03, 05:13 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | Kudouda | 02-03-03, 03:31 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | مارد | 02-03-03, 05:18 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | Kudouda | 02-03-03, 09:32 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | مارد | 02-04-03, 02:49 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | ahmed akasha | 02-04-03, 10:47 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | bob | 02-04-03, 11:48 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | مارد | 02-04-03, 06:26 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | ابو يسرا | 02-04-03, 08:20 PM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | Kudouda | 02-05-03, 01:43 PM |
 Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | degna | 02-06-03, 09:13 AM |
| Re: إعـتـقـال مـئات السـودانـيـين في مـصـر | مارد | 02-06-03, 07:48 PM |
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