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 يا دينج تعال ما تعمل رايح ديفيد بيلينق قال الحرب في الجنوب باقي ليها ٥٠ سنة!!!
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05:00 PM June, 17 2017 سودانيز اون لاين
jini-أم طرقا عراض
مكتبتى
رابط مختصرSouth Sudan is the African exception, not the ruleAcross the continent, states are beginning to feel more comfortable in their bordersWorld Food Program (WFP) workers unload humanitarian aid parcels that will be distributed to South Sudanese refugees, on May 20, 2017, at Al-Obeid airport in Sudan's North Kordofan state. More than 95,000 South Sudanese have entered Sudan so far this year, the UN said, as thousands continue to flee war and famine in the world's youngest nation. South Sudan, which split from the north in 2011, has declared famine in parts of the country, saying a million people are on the brink of starvation / AFP PHOTO / ASHRAF SHAZLY (Photo credit should read ASHRAF SHAZLY/AFP/Getty Images)© AFP June 14, 2017 4:00 am by David PillingIf you think the UK is having a hard time figuring out what it means to be a modern nation state, spare a thought for South Sudan. The world’s newest country, formed in a flurry of misguided optimism in 2011, has descended into a vicious civil war as forces that suspended their rivalries to win independence from Khartoum struggle for control of the “state”.That state in question lacks almost anything worthy of the name: roads, buildings, institutions, national myths, credibility. The result has been predictable, if horrifying. Groups largely cleaving along ethnic lines have fought to get their hands on power and money.In the process, they have exacted a terrible price on the population. Something perilously close to ethnic cleansing is taking place as the Dinka majority, led by President Salva Kiir, claims the country for its own. Rape, murder and the burning of villages are commonplace. More than 3.5m of the 12m population have fled their homes. Hunger is rife, with famine in some regions. About 2m have poured over the borders into neighbouring countries, half of them to Uganda.This comparison with Britain is not meant to be facetious. The UK has held roughly its current form since the Act of Union in 1707. But even today, questions of British identity and power are not exactly settled. Thankfully, these disputes — the troubles in Northern Ireland aside — are mostly settled peacefully.Writing just as South Sudan was descending into war in 2013, the political scientist Andreas Wimmer described “repeating patterns of war and conflict” related to the emergence of nation states from a world of “empires, dynastic kingdoms, tribal confederacies, and city-states”. Two distinct phases of conflict accompanied this transition, he writes. “First, violence related to the creation of the nation-state itself, and second, an often bloody struggle over which ethnic or national groups would hold power in the newly established state.” South Sudan is up to its neck in phase two.The historical context is important. All too often the world looks at Africa in ignorant horror, seeing a supposedly uniquely violent continent where warring “tribes” are continually at each other’s throats. This is wrong for at least three reasons.First, there is nothing uniquely violent about Africa. The US was created by exterminating and subjugating the native population. You need go back no further than the two great wars to appreciate the savagery that has occurred on the European continent.Second, the habit of describing African ethnic groups as “tribes” invites scorn and misunderstanding. The groups in question are tribes to the extent that Britons and French or Chinese and Japanese are tribes. Some are sub-scale in terms of population. But viewed from the perspective of linguistic, political and cultural distinctiveness, they are often as far apart as nations. Ethiopia, one of the few countries to repel colonialists, has 80 distinct languages. Nigeria has several hundred. South Sudan has more than 60.FT ViewWomen hold their registration cards as they queue to get food during a distribution on March 4, 2017, in Ganyiel, Panyijiar county, in South Sudan. South Sudan was declared the site of the world's first famine in six years, affecting about 100,000 people. More than three years of conflict have disrupted farming, destroyed food stores and forced people to flee recurring attacks. Food shipments have been deliberately blocked and aid workers have been targeted. / AFP PHOTO / Albert Gonzalez Farran - AFP / Albert Gonzalez Farran (Photo credit should read ALBERT GONZALEZ FARRAN/AFP/Getty Images)The world cannot walk away from South SudanThe region’s leaders have a particular responsibility to take actionThird, remarkably, state formation is surprisingly advanced in much of Africa. After independence, many of the states that had been crushed together by colonialist mapmakers, almost inevitably descended into the sort of violence tearing South Sudan apart. Nigeria had a civil war when Biafra sought to break away. Violent power struggles erupted in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo and many more. In Rwanda, the long-marginalised Hutus exacted genocidal revenge on the Tutsis.Yet the real story of Africa is that these struggles have subsided. Either through conscious state-building or the slow (unfinished) process of political accommodation, many African states are beginning to feel more comfortable in their borders. Inter-ethnic rivalries remain. But they are mostly settled at the ballot box or in periodic bouts of low-level violence that stop short of war. South Sudan — and one or two others, such as Somalia and DRC — are the exceptions, not the norm.This is important. Without a functioning nation state, meaningful development cannot occur. Nations need myths and a sense of shared purpose. In Japan, South Korea and China, such were the preconditions for economic takeoff.The most chilling line in Mr Wimmer’s piece on state formation is this: “The domestic struggle over who ‘owns’ a new state does eventually come to an end — on average, after 60 years.” The good news is that, by this reckoning, most African states are nearly there. The bad news is that South Sudan has more than 50 years to mailto:go.mailto:[email protected]@ft.comCopyrgo.mailto:[email protected]@ft.comCopyright The Financial Times Limited . All rights reserved. Please don't cut articles from FT.com and redistribute by email or post to the web.
(عدل بواسطة jini on 06-17-2017, 06:21 PM)
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