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 Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. (Re: محمد على طه الملك)
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.Failed and Collapsed States
Failed states are tense, deeply conflicted, dangerous, and contested bitterly
by warring factions. In most failed states, government troops battle armed revolts
led by one or more rivals. Occasionally, the official authorities in a failed
state face two or more insurgencies, varieties of civil unrest, different degrees
.of communal discontent, and a plethora of dissent directed at the state and at groups within the state
It is not the absolute intensity of violence that identifies a failed state. Rather
it is the enduring character of that violence (as in Angola, Burundi, and the
Sudan), the fact that much of the violence is directed against the existing government
or regime, and the inflamed character of the political or geographical
demands for shared power or autonomy that rationalize or justify that violence
.in the minds of the main insurgents
The civil wars that characterize failed states usually stem from or have roots
in ethnic, religious, linguistic, or other intercommunal enmity. The fear of the
other that drives so much ethnic conflict stimulates and fuels hostilities between
regimes and subordinate and less favored groups. Avarice also propels
that antagonism, especially when greed is magnified by dreams of loot from
discoveries of new, contested, sources of resource wealth, like petroleum deposits,
.diamond fields, other minerals, or timber
There is no failed state without disharmonies between communities. Yet
the simple fact that many weak nation-states include haves and have-nots, and
that some of the newer states contain a heterogeneous array of ethnic, religious
and linguistic interests, is more a contributor to than a root cause of nation-state
failure. State failure cannot be ascribed primarily to the inability to build nations
from a congeries of groups of diverse backgrounds. Nor should it be ascribed
baldly to the oppression of minorities by a majority, although such brutalities
.are often a major ingredient of the impulse toward failure
In contrast to strong states, failed states cannot control their borders. They
lose authority over sections of territory. Often, the expression of official power
is limited to a capital city and one or more ethnically specific zones.
,Plausibly the extent of a state’s failure can be measured by how much of its geographical
.expanse is genuinely controlled (especially after dark) by the official government
How nominal or contested is the central government’s sway over peripheral
towns and rural roads and waterways? Who really expresses power upcountry,
?or in districts distant from the capital
Citizens depend on states and central governments to secure their persons
and free them from fear. Unable to establish an atmosphere of security nationwide
and often struggling to project power and official authority, the faltering
state’s failure becomes obvious even before, or as, rebel groups and other contenders
threaten the residents of central cities and overwhelm demoralized government
.contingents, as in Liberia and Sierra Leone
In most failed states, regimes prey on their own constituents. Driven by
ethnic or other intercommunal hostility, or by the governing elite’s insecurities
they victimize their own citizens or some subset of the whole that is regarded as
hostile. As in Mobutu Sese Seko’s Zaire or the Taliban’s Afghanistan, ruling
cadres increasingly oppress, extort, and harass the majority of their own compatriots
while privileging a more narrowly based party, clan, or sect. As in
Zaire, Angola, Siaka Stevens’s Sierra Leone, or pre-2001 Sudan, patrimonial
.rule depends on a patronage-based system of extraction from ordinary citizens
The typical weak state plunges toward failure when this kind of ruler-led oppression
provokes a countervailing reaction on the part of resentful groups or
.newly emerged rebels
Another indicator of state failure is the growth of criminal violence. As state
authority weakens and fails, and as the state becomes criminal in its oppression
of its citizens, so lawlessness becomes more apparent. Criminal gangs take
.over the streets of the cities. Arms and drug trafficking become more common
.Ordinary police forces become paralyzed. Anomic behaviors become the norm
For protection, citizens naturally turn to warlords and other strong figures who
express or activate ethnic or clan solidarity, thus offering the possibility of
security at a time when all else, and the state itself, is crumbling. High rates of
urban crime and the rise of criminal syndicates testify to an underlying anarchy .and desperation
.Failed states provide only limited quantities of other essential political goods
They more and more forfeit to upstart warlords and other non-state actors their
role as the preferred suppliers of political goods. A failed state is a polity that is
no longer able or willing to perform the fundamental jobs of a nation-state in.the modern world
Failed states exhibit flawed institutions. That is, only the institution of the
executive functions. If legislatures exist at all, they are rubber-stamping machines.
Democratic debate is noticeably absent. The judiciary is derivative of
the executive rather than being independent, and citizens know that they can
not rely on the court system for significant redress or remedy, especially against
the state. The bureaucracy has long ago lost its sense of professional responsibility
and exists solely to carry out the orders of the executive and, in petty
ways, to oppress citizens. The military is possibly the only institution with any
remaining integrity, but the armed forces of failed states are often highly politicized,
.devoid of the esprit that they once demonstrated
Failed states are typified by deteriorating or destroyed infrastructures.
,####phorically the more potholes (or main roads turned to rutted tracks), the more
a state will exemplify failure. As rulers siphon funds from the state coffers, so
.there are fewer capital resources for road crews, equipment, and raw materials
Maintaining road or rail access to distant districts becomes less and less of a
priority. Even refurbishing basic navigational aids along arterial waterways (as
.in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the DRC) becomes typified by neglect
Where the state still controls such communications backbones as a landline
telephone system, that form of political and economic good betrays a lack
of renewal, upkeep, investment, and bureaucratic endeavor. Less a ####phor
than a daily reality is the index of failed connections, repeated dialings, and
interminable waits for repair and service. If private entrepreneurs have been
permitted by the state monopoly to erect cell telephone towers and offer mobile
.telephone service, such telephones may already have made the monopoly obsolete
Even, or particularly, because there is no state to interfere, in a collapsed
state privately provided cell telephone systems prevail over what might remain
.of the land-line network, as in Somalia
When a state has failed or is in the process of failing, the effective educational
and health systems are privatized (with a resulting hodgepodge of shady
schools and questionable medical clinics in the cities), or the public facilities
become increasingly decrepit and neglected. Teachers, physicians, nurses, and
orderlies are paid late or not at all, and absenteeism increases. Textbooks and
medicines become scarce. X-ray machines break down and are not repaired.
Reports to the relevant ministries are ignored. Citizens, especially rural parents
students, and patients, slowly realize that the state has abandoned them to
their own devices and to the forces of nature. Sometimes, where a failed state is
effectively split, as in the Sudan, essential services may be provided to the
favored half, but not to the half in rebellion and engulfed in war. Most of the
time the destroyed nation-state completely underperforms. Literacy rates fall
infant mortality rises, the AIDS epidemic overwhelms any health infrastructure
that continues to exist, life expectancies plummet, and an already poor and
.battered citizenry becomes even poorer and more immiserated
Failed states offer unparalleled economic opportunity—but only for a privileged
few. Those around the ruler or the ruling oligarchy grow richer while
their less fortunate brethren starve. Immense profits are available from an awareness
of regulatory advantages and currency speculation and arbitrage. But the
privilege of making real money when everything else is deteriorating is confined
.to clients of the ruling elite or to especially favored external entrepreneurs
The nation-state’s responsibility to maximize the well-being and personal
prosperity of all of its citizens is conspicuously absent, if it ever existed.
Corruption flourishes in many states, but in failed states it often does so on
an unusually destructive scale. There is widespread petty or lubricating corruption
as a matter of course, but escalating levels of venal corruption mark failed
states: kickbacks on anything that can be put out to fake tender (medical supplies
textbooks, bridges, roads, and tourism concessions); unnecessarily wasteful
construction projects arranged so as to maximize the rents that they generate
licenses for existing and nonexistent activities; and persistent and generalized
extortion. In such situations, corrupt ruling elites mostly invest their gains overseas
not at home, making the economic failure of their states that much more
acute. Or they dip directly into the coffers of the shrinking state to pay for
external aggressions, lavish residences and palaces, extensive overseas travel
and privileges and perquisites that feed their greed. Military officers always
benefit from these excessively corrupt regimes and imbibe ravenously from the
.same illicit troughs as civilian officials
An indicator of failure, but not a cause of failure, are declining real national
and per capita levels of annual GDP. The statistical underpinnings of most
states in the developing world are shaky, but failed states—even, or particularly
failed states with vast natural resources—exhibit overall worsening GDP
figures, slim year-to-year growth rates, and greater disparities of income between
the wealthiest and poorest fifths of their populations. High official state
deficits (Zimbabwe’s reached more than 30 percent of GDP in 2001) fund extravagant
.security expenditures and the siphoning of cash by friendly elites
.Inflation usually soars because rulers raid the central bank and print money
From the resulting economic insecurity, often engineered by rulers so as to
maximize their own fortunes and their own political and economic power, there
are many rents to be collected by entrepreneurs connected to the prevailing
regime. Smuggling becomes rife. When state failure becomes complete, the
local currency falls out of favor and one or more international currencies take
.its place. Money changers are everywhere, legal or not, and arbitrage becomes a steady international pursuit
Sometimes, especially if there are intervening climatic disasters, the economic
chaos and generalized neglect that is endemic to failed states leads to
regular food shortages and widespread hunger—indeed, even to episodes of
.starvation and major efforts of international humanitarian relief
Natural calamities can overwhelm the resources even of non-failed, but weak, states in
the developing world. But when state competencies have consciously been
sucked dry by unscrupulous rulers and their cronies, as in failed states, unforeseen
natural disasters or man-made wars can drive ignored populations over
the edge of endurance into starvation. Once such populations have lost their
subsistence plots and their sources of income, they forfeit their homes and their
already weak support networks and are forced into an endless cycle of migration
and displacement. Failed states provide no safety nets, and the homeless
.and the destitute become fodder for anyone who can offer food and a cause
A nation-state also fails when it loses legitimacy—when it forfeits the “mandate
of heaven.” Its nominal borders become irrelevant. Groups within the nominal
borders seek autonomous control within one or more parts of the national
territory, or sometimes even across its international borders. Once the state’s
capacity to secure itself or to perform in an expected manner recedes, and once
what little capacity remains is devoted almost exclusively to the fortunes of a
few or to a favored ethnicity or community, there is every reason to expect less
.and less loyalty to the state on the part of the excluded and disenfranchised
When the rulers are perceived to be working for themselves and their kin and
not for the state, their legitimacy, and the state’s legitimacy, plummets. The
state increasingly is conceived as being owned by an exclusive class or group
with all others pushed aside. The social contract that binds inhabitants to an
overarching polity becomes breached. Various sets of citizens cease trusting
the state. Citizens then naturally turn more and more to the kinds of sectional
and community loyalties that are their main recourse in time of insecurity and
their main default source of economic opportunity. They transfer their allegiances
to clan and group leaders, some of whom become warlords. These
warlords or other local strongmen can derive support from external as well as
indigenous supporters. In the wilder, more marginalized corners of failed states
terror can breed along with the prevailing anarchy that naturally accompanies
.state breakdown and failure
A collapsed state is a rare and extreme version of a failed state. Political
goods are obtained through private or ad hoc means. Security is equated with
the rule of the strong. A collapsed state exhibits a vacuum of authority. It is a
.mere geographical expression, a black hole into which a failed polity has fallen
There is dark energy, but the forces of entropy have overwhelmed the radiance
that hitherto provided some semblance of order and other vital political goods
to the inhabitants (no longer the citizens) embraced by language or ethnic affinities
.or borders. When Somalia failed in the late 1980s, it soon collapsed
Bosnia, Lebanon, and Afghanistan collapsed more than a decade ago, and Nigeria
and Sierra Leone collapsed in the 1990s. When those collapses occurred
.substate actors took over, as they always do when the prime polity disappears
Those warlords or substate actors gained control over regions and subregions
within what had been a nation-state, built up their own local security apparatuses
and mechanisms, sanctioned markets and other trading arrangements, and
even established an attenuated form of international relations. By definition
illegitimate and unrecognized, warlords can assume the trappings of a new quasi
state, such as the internationally unrecognized Somaliland in the old north of
Somalia. Despite the parceling out of the collapsed state into warlord fiefdoms
there still is a prevalence of disorder, anomic behavior, and the kinds of anarchic
mentality and entrepreneurial endeavors—especially gun and drug trafficking—
.that are compatible with external networks of terror
None of these designations is terminal. Lebanon, Nigeria, and Tajikistan
recovered from collapse and are now weak. Afghanistan and Sierra Leone graduated
from collapsed to failed. Zimbabwe is moving rapidly from being strong
toward failure. Although a state like Haiti is termed endemically weak, most
categorizations are snapshots. The quality of failed or collapsed is real, but
need not be static. Failure is a fluid halting place, with movement forward to
weakness and backward into collapse always possible. Certainly, too, because
failure and collapse are undesirable results for states, they are neither inevitable
nor unavoidable. Whereas weak states fail much more easily than strong ones
that failure is not preordained. Failure is preventable, particularly since human
agency rather than structural flaws or institutional insufficiencies are almost
.invariably at the root of slides from weakness (or strength) toward failure and collapse
Lebanon’s experience is instructive. As Oren Barak suggests, the inability
of Lebanon’s feuding sectoral leaders to adapt a 1943 power-sharing agreement
to altered political and social circumstances brought the divided state to
its knees. During the nation’s civil war of the mid-1970s, it collapsed. But once
a cease-fire had been forged in 1990 and a new political compromise achieved
through international mediation and the formal acceptance of Syria as a neighborhood
hegemon, Lebanon could be revived as a functioning state, and slowly
reconstructed. Without guarantees of human security, and the cooperation of
dueling leaders, which Syria compelled, any resuscitation of the post-collapse
.Lebanese state would have proven impossible
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| العنوان |
الكاتب |
Date |
 لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-16-12, 04:45 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-16-12, 05:10 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-16-12, 05:37 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-16-12, 05:53 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | jini | 02-16-12, 05:44 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | hamid brgo | 02-16-12, 06:50 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-16-12, 08:13 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | الشفيع وراق عبد الرحمن | 02-16-12, 06:52 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | hamid brgo | 02-16-12, 07:39 PM |
 Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-16-12, 08:43 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-16-12, 07:55 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | ماجد حسون | 02-16-12, 08:03 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-16-12, 09:35 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-16-12, 09:43 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-17-12, 00:49 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-16-12, 09:45 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Salah Abdulla | 02-16-12, 10:49 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | غالب شريف | 02-17-12, 01:38 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-17-12, 04:56 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-17-12, 04:30 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | hamid brgo | 02-17-12, 05:34 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | الشفيع وراق عبد الرحمن | 02-17-12, 05:43 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Salah Abdulla | 02-17-12, 08:14 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | ماجد حسون | 02-17-12, 08:21 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-17-12, 10:10 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Abdalla aidros | 02-17-12, 10:20 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | حاتم محمد حاج المهدي | 02-17-12, 11:08 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | jini | 02-17-12, 11:16 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد على حسن | 02-17-12, 11:30 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Abdel Aati | 02-17-12, 11:55 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-17-12, 04:19 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-17-12, 03:48 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | hamid brgo | 02-17-12, 11:48 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | abubakr salih | 02-17-12, 01:35 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | ماجد حسون | 02-17-12, 02:07 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-17-12, 02:54 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | abubakr salih | 02-17-12, 05:27 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | غالب شريف | 02-17-12, 06:44 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-17-12, 06:48 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | تاج الدين عبدالله آدم | 02-17-12, 08:31 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Abdel Aati | 02-18-12, 09:14 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-17-12, 08:02 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | تاج الدين عبدالله آدم | 02-17-12, 10:47 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | تاج الدين عبدالله آدم | 02-17-12, 10:51 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | غالب شريف | 02-17-12, 08:36 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-17-12, 08:56 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | هيثم طه | 02-17-12, 09:12 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | تاج الدين عبدالله آدم | 02-17-12, 10:11 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Abdel Aati | 02-18-12, 09:52 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-17-12, 09:20 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-17-12, 09:33 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | هيثم طه | 02-17-12, 09:54 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-17-12, 10:05 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-17-12, 10:00 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-17-12, 10:14 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-17-12, 10:30 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-17-12, 10:53 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-17-12, 11:04 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-17-12, 11:11 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-17-12, 11:13 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | عمر دفع الله | 02-17-12, 11:50 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-18-12, 02:38 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | غالب شريف | 02-18-12, 00:01 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | MAHJOOP ALI | 02-18-12, 00:23 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | ibrahim alnimma | 02-17-12, 11:35 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Tragie Mustafa | 02-18-12, 01:33 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | الشفيع وراق عبد الرحمن | 02-18-12, 04:46 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | هيثم طه | 02-18-12, 05:18 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Abdlaziz Eisa | 02-18-12, 06:05 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Abdel Aati | 02-18-12, 10:49 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Abdel Aati | 02-18-12, 09:31 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Abdel Aati | 02-18-12, 08:42 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | عبدالله محمد أحمد | 02-18-12, 05:29 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | hamid brgo | 02-18-12, 06:14 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-18-12, 07:33 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-18-12, 07:45 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-18-12, 08:35 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | عمر دفع الله | 02-18-12, 08:42 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | تاج الدين عبدالله آدم | 02-18-12, 05:44 PM |
 Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-18-12, 08:32 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-18-12, 08:45 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-18-12, 08:50 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | هيثم طه | 02-18-12, 11:39 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | MAHJOOP ALI | 02-19-12, 02:58 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-19-12, 06:57 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-19-12, 07:17 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-19-12, 07:24 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | هيثم طه | 02-19-12, 07:29 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Abdalla aidros | 02-19-12, 09:45 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | abubakr salih | 02-19-12, 02:09 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-19-12, 03:06 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | MAHJOOP ALI | 02-19-12, 05:08 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | عمر دفع الله | 02-19-12, 05:15 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | abubakr salih | 02-19-12, 07:40 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | hafiz Issue | 02-19-12, 09:54 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | محمد حيدر المشرف | 02-19-12, 11:21 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | MAHJOOP ALI | 02-21-12, 02:16 AM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | طلعت الطيب | 02-22-12, 12:53 PM |
| Re: لا فرق بين عقلية البشير .. و عقلية نخب الشمال ... يمين و يسار .. | Mohamed Suleiman | 02-22-12, 06:09 PM |
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