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Quote: Quality of life index: Sudan With a score of 4.59 out of 10 for 2009, Sudan is the lowest-scoring country in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and its citizens in general have one of the poorest qualities of life in the world, ranking 148th out of 160 countries in the Economist Intelligence Unit's quality of life index. Its quality of life rank is worse than its GDP per head rank (120th) because only a limited proportion of Sudan's oil wealth, which represents about 20% of GDP and 60% of government revenue, trickles down to benefit the general population. Decades of conflict and poor governances have deprived most Sudanese, particularly those in Southern Sudan and in Darfur, of basic health and education and infrastructure, and there are periodic droughts and food shortages. Overall the average life expectancy of 58 years is the worst in the MENA region, and fully 15 years less than the regional average—although it is better than most Sub-Saharan African nations partly because of lower HIV/AIDS prevalence rates. Unemployment (which is, at least, 19%), personal security and governance are also among the worst in the region. It scores more positively on family and community life and on gender equality (compared with even more conservative Arab states). Decades of stagnation despite oil revenue Sudan's quality of life score is even lower than it was in 1989 and its rank has slipped 18 places over that period, despite the fact that GDP per head (in PPP terms) has increased by 60% over this period, largely as a result of oil production. Life expectancy has improved by six years, but unemployment, security and political freedom have remained grim over the two decades, and governance deteriorated sharply after the 1989 coup instigated by the current president, Omar al-Bashir. Variation in quality of life among social groups There are sharp variations in quality of life within Sudan. Living standards are reasonably high in parts of Khartoum and some other northern urban centres, whereas rural areas of Southern Sudan—which suffered the most from over two decades of civil war—are among the very poorest in the world and have almost no access to public services. Internally displaced people in camps in Darfur, and southerners living in and around Khartoum, usually have some access to health care, education and food aid through humanitarian agencies, but otherwise they have highly compromised qualities of life. Quality of life index 2009 2006 2000 1995 1989 Score 4.65 4.41 4.50 4.57 4.59 Global rank 130 145 141 145 148 Note. Scores are on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the highest score; the ranking is out of 160 countries. Measuring the quality of life The Economist Intelligence Unit's quality of life index is based on a unique methodology that relates the results of subjective life satisfaction surveys to the objective determinants of the quality of life across countries in order to calculate an objective quality of life index. The average scores from life satisfaction surveys carried out by Gallup for 130 countries in 2006 are related in a multivariate regression to various factors that have been shown to be associated with life satisfaction in many studies. Ten factors (measured by 11 separate indicators) together explain some 85% of the cross-country variation in life satisfaction scores. These factors are: 1. Material well-being—GDP per head (US$); at 2006 constant PPP. Sources: Economist Intelligence Unit; IMF. 2. Health—life expectancy at birth (years). Sources: UN; World Bank; US Bureau of Census. 3. Family life—ratings on a scale of 1 to 5; based on divorce rates (per 1,000 population), converted into an index of 1 (lowest divorce rates) to 5 (highest divorce rates). Sources: UN; Legatum Institute; Economist Intelligence Unit. 4. Political freedom—average of indexes of political and civil liberties; scale of 1 (completely free) to 7 (unfree). Source: Freedom House. 5. Job security—unemployment rate (%). Sources: Economist Intelligence Unit; International Labour Organisation. 6. [ Climate two variables: average deviation of minimum and maximum monthly temperatures from 14° C; number of months in the year with less than 30 mm rainfall. Source: BBC Weather Guides. 7. Personal physical security—ratings on a scale of 1 (low security risk) to 5 (high security risk); based primarily on recorded homicide rates and Economist Intelligence Unit ratings for risk from crime and terrorism. Sources: Wikipedia for homicide rates; Economist Intelligence Unit. 8. Community life—index on a scale of 1 to 5, based on membership in social organisations and church attendance. Sources: World Values Survey; Gallup World Poll; Legatum Institute; Economist Intelligence Unit assessment. 9. Governance—measured by ratings for corruption, on a scale of 0 (highest corruption) to 100 (least corruption). Sources: Index of Economic Freedom; Economist Intelligence Unit; Knack and Keefer database for 1989/90. 10. Gender equality—measured by the share of seats in parliament held by women. Source: UN Development Programme, Human Development Reports. The values of the life satisfaction scores that are predicted by these indicators represent a country's quality of life .index. The estimated regression equation for the 2006 base year is used to calculate the quality of life index for 1989, 1995, 2000, 2006 and 2009.