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 Re: الفولاني.. وناس السودان (Re: Yasir Elsharif)
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dear brothers yasir and wad albalad,
i have a report here about al kadalo group, in southern blue nile, prepared by somebody who have been there for 5 years..
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" the uprooted ethnic groups in southern blue nile-sudan
case study: the kadalo minority"
The Kadalo Area Geographical Location:
The area is located at the Sudanese-Ethiopian border in the north east SBNR
from the east and south it is bordered by Ethiopia, from the north by al
Takamul (Sudanese-Egyptian Agricultural mechanized scheme) to the west by
Fazugli east Umodia( specific geographical location administrated by the
local authorities).
The Socio-Cultural Profile of the Kadalo:
The Kadalo refer themselves to al Foung Ethnic group(the dominant group in
the SBNR) although their linguistically and culturally associated to the
Gumuz( Sudanese-Ethiopian border tribe they speak the same Kadalo language
with minor accent), the population distributed over 20 village ( see the
sketch map in the appendix 4-5) plus villages located in the Ethiopian
territory Babshankor and Bardang. Each village has sheikh (local chief) and
group of Arabib ( the respectable elders in the village) they formed the
Sheikh council, this council responsible in resolving the conflicts within
the village society and attending the cases of the various type, in this
council the women represented and they have the equal right to discuss and
decide on the all issues presented. The head of the villages sheikhs is al
Umda ( the mayor ), the other powerful persons in the Kadalo community the
Kojurs, the community members beliefs that the Kujurs have a relations with
the supernatural powers, thus he is reliable to read their future and
helpful in resolving their daily problems.
The Kadalo ceremonies:
The Kadalo practice three main ceremonies throughout the year Gousha,
Misepich and Gurgumut.
These ceremonies celebrated during and after the harvesting times and the
Kojur is one who play the curtail role to declare an appropriate times for
the ceremonies and it's preparations with villages Sheikhs and the Arbib
collaboration.
Gousha: it means no more hunger declared by ( nass al ada ) certain family
responsible of the whole procedures for the Gousha ceremony and this it's
heritage through centuries and this similar with al Gumuz, al Foung and the
Nuba. the Gousha ceremony take place annually in the beginning of September,
when the Kadalo start harvesting the Gubraka varieties(see the Kadalo
farming below).
The Kadalo believes that if any one from the village community start to eat
from his Gubraka production before the Goush ceremony took place the spirits
will harm his family, therefore every body wait until Gousha Kojur to start
the ceremony rituals, who start by visiting all the village houses, in each
house he spray water carried by one of his followers using green branch,
then dig a hole and buried sample of the first yield of the Gubraka product,
the first family member who start to eat from the production the children.
Finally the kojur walk out of the village through one of the footpaths about
one hundred Mt, there Kujor tight a green rope made by zaf ( the tree that
they ropes from it's leafs ) to the two stands beside the passage, and then
hang samples of the village first productions. Meantime the women in the
village prepare the Marissa ( sorghum beer ) for the young ones whom start
celebrating from house to house up to mid-night, to drink some of it and the
rest will be taken to the Kojur house in the morning of the next day where
the village population and the others from the neighboring villages gather
to drink Marissa, eat food and dance.
Misepich: the fire festival, the main ceremony the Kadalo celebrate it at
the beginning of al Bildar harvesting time (see the Kadal farming bellow )
it take place annually in each village. The misepich festival target date
declared after the village sheikh and the Arabib meeting, the main points
that discussed in this meeting is:
* Inform the neighboring villages in particular the Gumuz villagers whom
practice the same ceremony by the target date of the cleberation,the Kadalo
Gumuz believes that if the neighbors do not informed, the spirits will move
from the village where the ceremony took place to the other neighboring
villages and caused the damage on it's farms such as fire or black wind.
Thus the neighbors should be unformed in order their Kojurs arrange to
prevent their farms, if the target date of the ceremony in the other
villages is differ.
* The meeting decide the number of the animals should be slouters and the
village families share to pay the it cost, mainly in kind after the harvest
(sorghum or sesame).
* Finally the meeting delegates one of it's members to walk around the
village calling the word al Tukuna which means to the village population the
meeting agreed on the festival procedures and at the same time to the women
that they permits to the Marissa preparation. After three days the same
delegation one walk around and call the word Chud which means to the women
that they should grind the Marissa row material. The night before the
festival day, the village elders gathers at the Sheikhs house in the
mid-night they start throwing fire to east, all the village families do the
same in their houses, the younger start celebrating, in the morning people
come from all around visiting the houses drink Marissa and eat meets, in the
mid-day the people gather in one place to sing and dance this ceremony could
continue for more than three days if Marissa is available.
there is debate that long years ago some of the Kadalo people whom live at
Munglfa mountain that located within the buffer zone between the Kadalo and
the Gumuz areas cross the Blue Nile and resettled in al kaily which stands
the symbol of al Foung kingdom and al Mak (the head of al Foung tribes
leaders) his base up to now is there, the last Mak killed in across fire in
1997, his replacement election didn't took place due to the war fact.
therefore before the recent conflict between the SG and the rebel, the
Kadalo delegations use to attend the fire festival in al Kaily.
* Gurgmut: The braveness festival, the Kadalo celebrate it after the
harvesting seasons. It's Kojur isolate himself for one night, in the morning
of the target date the Kadalo younger gathered away from the Umda village
waiting for the Gurgmut Kojur, when he appears the younger makes one line,
the Kojur cut of the head of the hen which is carried by one of his follower
and hold it moving in front of the line, if the neck of the dieing hen aimed
to the one of the attendance that means he has a bad thinking and he should
change his mind, then when the Kojur aim to the one of the directions that
means the invaders this year will com from that side and while the
attendance shppts fire and moving the traditional weapons that they are
carrying, the Kojur distribute some kind of the trees roots called Shichamo
to them, the Kadalo believs that it is helpful for the fighting, they chew
some of it immediately and keep the rest to chew it when during the battle
with the expected raiders. Finally they start walking to al Umda house where
they are warmly welcomed by him and the community elders, food and Marissa
provided.
The Gurgmut distinguish the Kadalo, the Gumuz and the other al foung tribes
doesn't practice this ceremony, which indicates the Kadalo historical fears
from the other whom used to invades their area.
The Kadalo Dancing:
The Kadalo practice 2 type of dancing and they share with the Gumuz, Indinga
and Gargafo.
In the Indinga dancing the Kadalo use big drums and singing (see the
Appendix 1-5), in the dance the man hold his random women partner in
passionate way showing his ####### abilities, the Indinga practiced during the
ceremonies or after 40 days of the elder death and at his anniversary. The
Kadalo accounts the major events that their has witnessed in the Indinga
songs.
The Gargafo Practiced in the death of the elder or when the first
menstruation period of the girl appears or at her circumcision which
introduced recently, only the old women sing and dancing Gargafo using feet.
The Kadalo society quite liberal to the girl, she have ####### freedom but she
is forbidden to conceive a child if this happen she must report the case to
her family and mention the one who makes that, the case could be settled
within the family or referred to the Sheikh and the Arabib to resolve it if
the one who makes that refused to accept the girl as a wife.
The Wifehood:
The Kadalo women enjoy some freedom but in the previous time the Kadalo use
to exchange sister for marriage, which is practiced up to now in the Gumuz
society.
One of the critical problems face the women in the Kadalo society that the
man prefer to have more than wife, this attitude increase the number of the
neglected wife's in the community. It is not forbidden for the neglected
ones to have their own boy friends, if the friend agreed with neglected wife
to get married he must pay wealth to her husband and if the wife have
children grandparents will take care of them.
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Abdel Aati
فيس بوك
تويتر
انستقرام
يوتيوب
بنتيريست