Guides to Bibliographic Citation and Referencing

Quote: Why reference? From reading academic articles and books, you should be familiar with the scholarly practice of making references in the text to other people's work and providing listings of relevant source material at the end of the text. Why is this done, and why should you adopt this approach in your own work? There are several reasons: •To enable someone reading the document to find the material you have referred to or consulted; •To demonstrate your width of reading and knowledge about a subject; •To support and/or develop points made in the text; •To avoid accusations of plagiarism: using somebody else's work without acknowledging the fact; and •Because you may be required to do so by your department. Terminology In discussions on this topic, reference is variously made to "citations", to "references lists" and to "bibliographies". Strictly speaking, these terms mean and require different things. Citation: a reference made in the text to a source of information. This can be in the form of a direct quotation, summarising or paraphrasing. References list: an organised listing of the works cited in the text, placed at the end of the document. Bibliography: a full listing of all material consulted in relation to the research, including any source material not directly cited in the text, placed at the end of the document. It is therefore important, in any formal piece of work, that you are clear exactly what the requirements are for referencing and that you fulfil those requirements. Organising references In carrying out any piece of academic research, the process can be viewed in two main stages: 1.Searching for, finding and reading relevant source material. 2.Using and citing material in the final project/results, which may require the inclusion of a references list and/or a bibliography. Note that, when reaching stage two, it is much easier and less effort to compile a bibliography or references list if you have recorded details of the material consulted in an organised way during the first stage, than if you have not. The following guidance provides worked examples and templates showing how to apply the two most widely used referencing styles - the Harvard and the Numeric schemes - to the resources you are most likely to use and need to reference in academic work. These examples are indicative rather than prescriptive. In referencing, slight variations from accepted styles are generally less important than consistency of approach. In circumstances where you are told, for instance by a University department, to use a certain style and how to apply it, you should use the specified style in that way and apply it consistently. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Harvard Style Citations Harvard style citations consist of author or editor family names and the date of publication of an item. One of two forms may be used: Gray (1989) considers how to run a ... One commentator (Gray 1989) has looked at ... Where a work has more than three authors or editors, cite the name of the first named author or editor only, followed by, et al.: e.g. A study of flora in Kenya (Stadler, J., et al. 2000) suggests ... If you refer to two or more sources by the same person from the same year, distinguish them by adding a lower-case letter after the year, as follows: Collins (2001a), Collins (2001b), Collins (2001c) etc. Where quoting directly from a work, or referring to particular pages, provide the page number(s) after the date: "How well you select your professional and business advisers will have a direct bearing on your business success." (Gray 1989, p.118) References lists and bibliographies General points In the Harvard scheme, the material in a references list or bibliography is listed in alphabetical order by author's family name. If an author has written more than one work, the works for that author should be listed in date order, oldest first. Where more than one work by the same author from a single year is referenced, put them in the alphabetical order of the additional lower-case notation. Thus (2000a) would go above (2000b) in the list. In the Harvard scheme, the date of publication of an item immediately follows the details of the authors or editors, in parentheses (). If no reliable information is provided about the date, use the ? symbol to show the fact, such as (200?) or (1986?). Where an item has more than three authors or editors, state the name of the first named author or editor only, followed by, et al. If a work is a second or subsequent edition, the edition number should be noted after the title in the form 2nd ed., as appropriate. Instructions on how to compose Harvard references for specific item types are given below, with examples. All of the sources used as examples are available through the University Library or on the Web, and it may help you in understanding how the references are constructed to look at these items. It is customary to put the titles of books and journals in italics. An alternative is to underline them. Whichever method you use, use it throughout. The examples below all use italics. 1. Book Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. Examples •Anthony, G. (2002). UK public law and European law. Oxford: Hart. •Cohen, H., Rogers, G.F.C. and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H. (1996). Gas turbine theory. 4th ed. Harlow: Longman. 2. Work in edited book Where a work from an edited collection is cited, references to both the individual work and to the collection as a whole should be given. Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of chapter. In: Editor(s) - family name, initials, ed(s). Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Chapter or page numbers. Examples •Luck, M. (1991). Gender and library work: the limitations of dual labour market theory. In: Redclift, N. and Sinclair, M.T., eds. Working women: international perspectives on labour and gender ideology. London: Routledge, Ch.2. •Nustad, K.G. and Sending, O.J. (2000). The instrumentalisation of development knowledge. In: Stone, D., ed. Banking on knowledge: the genesis of the global development network. London: Routledge, pp. 44-62. 3. Edited book Editor(s) - family name, initials, ed(s). (Year). Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. Examples •Redclift, N. and Sinclair, M.T., eds. (1991). Working women: international perspectives on labour and gender ideology. London: Routledge. •Stone, D., ed. (2000). Banking on knowledge: the genesis of the global development network. London: Routledge. 4. Conference paper Where a paper from conference proceedings is cited, references to both the individual paper and the proceedings as a whole should be given. Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of paper. In: Editor(s) - family name, initials, ed(s). Title of conference, location, date held. Place of publication: Publisher, Page number(s). Example •Micelli, F., Myers, J.J. and Murthy, S.S. (2002?). Performance of FRP confined concrete subjected to accelerated environmental conditioning. In: Benmokrane, B. and El-Salakawy, E., eds. Durability of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for construction: proceedings of the second International Conference (CDCC 02), Montreal, May 29-31 2002. Sherbrooke: Université de Sherbrooke, pp. 87-98. 5. Conference proceedings Editor(s) - family name, initials, ed(s). (Year). Title of conference, location, date held. Place of publication: Publisher. Example •Benmokrane, B. and El-Salakawy, E., eds. (2002?). Durability of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for construction: proceedings of the second International Conference (CDCC 02), Montreal, May 29-31 2002. Sherbrooke: Université de Sherbrooke. 6. Report It is important to be able to identify the body on whose behalf research was carried out. For this reason, if a research report is part of a series, the title for the series and the volume/number of the report should be given at the end of the reference. Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of report. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. (Series and vol./no.). Example •Chang, D., et al. (2001). Modernising service delivery: the better government for older people prototypes. Leeds: Corporate Document Services. (Department of Social Security research report no. 136). 7. Academic thesis Author - family name, initials. (Year). Title of thesis. Type of thesis. Institution. Example •Maloney, D.R. (1996). An investigation into the mechanism of catalytic chain transfer polymerisation. Ph.D. thesis. University of Warwick. 8. Journal article (use for print journal and electronic reproductions of print) Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of article. Journal title, volume(issue number), Page number(s). Examples •Metcalfe, A., Diaz, V. and Wagoner, R. (2003). Academe, technology, society, and the market: four frames of reference for copyright and fair use. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 3(2), pp. 191-206. •Stadler, J., et al. (2000). Exotic plant species invade diversity hot spots: the alien flora of northwestern Kenya. Ecography, 23(2), pp. 169-176. Electronic document As yet, no precise standards have been developed for referencing electronic documents. However, the Harvard style can by adapted to accommodate these materials, noting the electronic format in square brackets. 9. Online journal article (Web-based journals only; for online versions of print journals, give a reference to the print format) Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of article. [Online]. (URL) Title of online journal, volume(issue). (Date accessed). Example •Gadd, E., Oppenheim, C. and Probets, S. (2003). The RoMEO project: protecting ####data in an open access environment. [Online]. (URL http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue36/romeo/. Ariadne, (36). (Accessed 12 February 2004). 10. Web site (excluding online journals) Include in the reference as much of the following detail that is available from the Web page and related home page. Where a Web site has no identifiable author, and is not the work of an organisation, leave out the author details, beginning the reference with the title of the Web page. Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year, month day). Title of document. [Online]. (URL). Place of publication: Publisher. (Date accessed). Example •Benn, T. (2002, June 21). Recognition in a democracy. [Online]. (URL http://www.tonybenn.com/reco.html. (Accessed 12 February 2004). Note that the Web site for this document contains no publication details, so these are not included in the reference. 11. CD-ROM Example Title of product. (Year). [CD-ROM]. Place of publication: Publisher. •World development indicators. (2003). [CD-ROM]. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Citing foreign books and journals 1. Citing a foreign book or journal If you are referencing a book in a foreign language, there are two ways to do it. Either: 1. Give the title exactly as it appears in the book or article e.g. Remarque, E. M. (1974). Im Westen nichts Neues. Berlin: ullstein Or: 2. Provide the English translation of the title, together with details of the language the book or article was originally written in. e.g. Remarque, E.M. (1974). All Quiet on the Western Front (in German). Berlin: Ullstein It does not matter which of these methods you choose - the important thing is to be consistent and use the same one throughout your research. 2. Citing a translation When referencing a foreign language item which has been translated, use the following format: Remarque, E. M. (1996). All Quiet on the Western Front. Translated from the German by B. Murdoch. London: Vintage. 3. Quoting a foreign book or journal When quoting from a foreign language work in the main body of the text, the quote should always be provided in English. The item should then be referenced in your bibliography using the format above. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Numeric (Vancouver) Style There are three main differences between the Numeric (sometimes called Vancouver) style and the Harvard style: 1.the way material is cited in the text 2.the position of the publication date in a reference 3.the way the references list is ordered Citations Material cited in the Numeric style is identified by a number, beginning with 1 for the first citation and continuing in sequence. One of three forms of noting the number may be used: Gray1 considers how to run a ... Gray [1] considers how to run a ... Gray (1) considers how to run a ... Where a work has more than three authors or editors, cite the name of the first named author or editor only, followed by, et al.: Stadler, J., et al. [2] suggest in a study of flora ... Where quoting directly from, or referring to particular pages, in a work, the relevant page number(s) can be stated after the citation number, in the following way: "How well you select your professional and business advisers will have a direct bearing on your business success." [1, p.118] Where you refer to the same work on more than one occasion, two options are recommended. Either: •Re-use the same number as the first citation to the document or •Continue the numeric sequence, proving an abbreviated reference to the document in the references list for the second and any subsequent citations (see below "abbreviated reference") References General points The general points made in relation to the Harvard scheme about items with more than three authors or editors, second or subsequent editions, and putting titles in italics, apply to references in the Numeric scheme as well. The key difference between references in the two schemes is the treatment of the date of publication. In the Numeric scheme, this usually follows the place of publication. If no reliable information is provided about the date, use the ? symbol to show the fact, such as (200?) or (1986?). Instructions on composing Numeric references for specific formats of item are given below, using the examples referenced under the Harvard scheme. References lists and bibliographies A references list should be provided at the end of the text, listed in numerical order, 1 onwards, to match the numerical citations in the text. Any source material you wish or are required to refer to, but which is not cited in the text, should be contained in a separate bibliography after the references list. For a bibliography - as opposed to references list - the references should follow the alphabetical order of the author's family names. 1. Book When referring to a particular part of a book, the relevant page or chapter number(s) can be given at the end of the reference, as an alternative to recording it in the citation. This also applies to references to reports and theses. Author(s) - family name, initials. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Year, Page or chapter number(s). Examples [1] Anthony, G. UK public law and European law. Oxford: Hart, 2002. [2] Cohen, H., Rogers, G.F.C. and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H. Gas turbine theory. 4th ed. Harlow: Longman, 1996. [3] Anthony (ref. 1, p.25) Abbreviated reference - reference [3] is an example of an abbreviated reference. This method should only be used where one source is quoted twice and you have cited the source in the text using different numbers. 2. Work in edited book Where a work from an edited collection is cited, references to both the individual work and to the collection as a whole should be given. Author(s) - family name, initials. Title of chapter. In: Editor(s) - family name, initials, ed(s). Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Year, Chapter or page number(s). Examples [4] Luck, M. Gender and library work: the limitations of dual labour market theory. In: Redclift, N. and Sinclair, M.T., eds. Working women: international perspectives on labour and gender ideology. London: Routledge, 2002, Ch.2. [5] Nustad, K.G. and Sending, O.J. The instrumentalisation of development knowledge. In: Stone, D., ed. Banking on knowledge: the genesis of the global development network. London: Routledge, 2000, pp. 44-62. 3. Edited book Editor(s) - family name, initials, ed(s). Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Examples [6] Redclift, N. and Sinclair, M.T., eds. Working women: international perspectives on labour and gender ideology. London: Routledge, 1991. [7] Stone, D., ed. Banking on knowledge: the genesis of the global development network. London: Routledge, 2000. 4. Conference paper Where a paper from conference proceedings is cited, references to both the individual paper and to the proceedings as a whole should be given. Author(s) - family name, initials. Title of paper. In: Editor(s) - family name, initials, ed(s). Title of conference, location, date held. Place of publication: Publisher, Year, Page number(s). [8] Micelli, F., Myers, J.J. and Murthy, S.S. Performance of FRP confined concrete subjected to accelerated environmental conditioning. In: Benmokrane, B. and El-Salakawy, E., eds. Durability of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for construction: proceedings of the second International Conference (CDCC 02), Montreal, May 29-31 2002. Sherbrooke: Université de Sherbrooke, 2002?, pp. 87-98. 5. Conference proceedings Editor(s) - family name, initials, ed(s). Title of conference, location, date held. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Example [9] Benmokrane, B. and El-Salakawy, E., eds. Durability of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for construction: proceedings of the second International Conference (CDCC 02), Montreal, May 29-31 2002. Sherbrooke: Université de Sherbrooke, 2002?. 6. Report It is important to be able to identify the body on whose behalf research was carried out. For this reason, if a research report is part of a series, the title for the series and the volume/number of the report should be given at the end of the reference. Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of report. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Year, Page number(s). (Series and vol./no.). Example [10] Chang, D., et al. Modernising service delivery: the better government for older people prototypes. Leeds: Corporate Document Services, 2001. (Department of Social Security research report no. 136). 7. Academic thesis Author - family name, initials. Title of thesis. Type of thesis. Institution, Year. Example [11] Maloney, D.R. An investigation into the mechanism of catalytic chain transfer polymerisation. Ph.D. thesis. University of Warwick, 1996. 8. Journal article (use for print journal and electronic reproductions of print) Author(s) - family name, initials. Title of article. Journal title, volume(issue number), Year, Page number(s). Examples [12] Metcalfe, A., Diaz, V. and Wagoner, R. Academe, technology, society, and the market: four frames for reference for copyright and fair use. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 3(2), 2003, pp. 191-206. [13] Stadler, J., et al. Exotic plant species invade diversity hot spots: the alien flora of northwestern Kenya. Ecography. 23(2), 2000, pp. 169-176. As yet, no precise standards have been developed for referencing electronic documents. However, the Numeric style can by adapted to accommodate these materials, noting the electronic format in square brackets. 9. Online journal article (Web-based journals only; for online versions of print journals, give a reference to the print format) Author(s) - family name, initials. Title of article. [Online]. (URL) Title of online journal, volume(issue), Year. (Date accessed). Example [14] Gadd, E., Oppenheim, C. and Probets, S. The RoMEO project: protecting ####data in an open access environment. [Online]. (URL http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue36/romeo/. Ariadne, (36), 2003. (Accessed 12 February 2004). 10. Web site (excluding online journals) Include in the reference as much of the following detail that is available from the Web page and related home page. Where a Web site has no identifiable author, and is not the work of an organisation, leave out the author details, beginning the reference with the title of the Web page. Author(s) - family name, initials. Title of document. [Online]. (URL). Place of publication: Publisher, Year, month day. (Date accessed). Example [15] Benn, T. Recognition in a democracy. [Online]. (URL http://www.tonybenn.com/reco.html. 2002, June 21. (Accessed 12 February 2004). Note that the Web site for this document contains no publication details, so these are not included in the reference. 11. CD-ROM Example Title of product. [CD-ROM]. City of publication: Publisher, Year. [16] World development indicators. [CD-ROM]. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2003. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- These guidance sheets provide examples of how to construct Harvard and Numeric citations and references for the most common types of material you are likely to consult in carrying out research in the academic environment and beyond. A wide range of material is available offering further guidance on the Harvard and Numeric schemes, and recommended resources are listed in the bibliography below. Note that there may be differences in some of the guidance offered by these resources. As has been stressed, it is essential that: •Where you are instructed to use a particular style, you use that style •If you have a choice as to style, you select one style and use it consistently Bibliography Anglia Ruskin University. (2011) Harvard System of Referencing Guide. [Online]. (URL http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm. Cambridge: Anglia Ruskin University. (Accessed 19 December 2011). British Standards Institution. (1990). BS 5605: 1990: recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes: BSI. Gibaldi, J. (2003). MLA handbook for writers of research papers. 6th ed. New York: MLA. Leeds University Library. (2009). Referencing. [Online]. (URL http://library.leeds.ac.uk/info/200232/referencing. Leeds: University of Leeds. (Accessed 6 May 2011). Lia, X. and Crane, N.B. (1996). Electronic styles: a guide to citing electronic information. 2nd ed. Medford, N.J.: Information Today. University of Glamorgan. (2011) The University of Glamorgan Guide to Harvard Referencing. [Online]. (URL http://lcss.glam.ac.uk/media/files/documents/...g_revised_Oct_11.pdf. Glamorgan: University of Glamorgan. (Accessed 30 November 2011). University of Sterling Library. (2009). Writing references. [Online]. (URL http://www.is.stir.ac.uk/research/citing/index.php. Stirling: University of Stirling. (Accessed 6 May 2011). University of Birmingham Information Services. (2004?). i-cite: guide to citing references. [Online]. (URL http://www.i-cite.bham.ac.uk/. Birmingham: University of Birmingham. (Accessed 6 May 2011).