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 شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي
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شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي
بوش يشيد بإنجازات الأميركيين الأفارقة وتراثهم الغني
واشنطن، 31 كانون الثاني/يناير، 2008- تحتفل الولايات المتحدة خلال شهر شباط/فبراير من كل عام بشهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي. وبهذه المناسبة، أصدر الرئيس بوش البلاغ الرسمي التالي:
بداية النص
البيت الأبيض
مكتب السكرتير الصحفي
29 كانون الثاني/يناير، 2008
شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي
بلاغ رسمي
صادر عن رئيس الولايات المتحدة الأميركية
نكرم في شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي إنجازات الأميركيين الأفارقة ونحتفي بتراثهم الغني.
لقد قدم الأميركيون الأفارقة من جميع شرائح المجتمع، على امتداد تاريخ أمتنا، مواهبهم لتحسين المجتمع الأميركي. وكان بحاثة من أمثال فردريك دوغلاس ودبليو. إي. بي. ديبوا من الزعماء الرواد الذين أعطوا أهمية كبيرة لتثقيف جميع الناس حول ضرورة العدالة والمساواة العرقية. وثابر رياضيون أمثال جاكي روبنسن وألثيا غيبسون بصبر أثناء اختراقهم حاجز اللون والتنافس على أعلى المستويات الرياضية. ورفع موسيقيون من أمثال نات كينغ كول وبيلي هوليداي الروح الأميركية بإبداعهم ومواهبهم الموسيقية. وساعد هؤلاء الرواد، من خلال إنجازاتهم المميزة، في تقريب أمتنا من الوفاء بالمثل التي تأسست عليها.
إن موضوع هذا العام، "كارتر ج. وودسُن وأصول التعددية الثقافية،" يكرم مربياً ثقف أشقاءه المواطنين حول تقاليد ومساهمات الأميركيين الأفارقة. وقد أطلق تفانيه في تعليم الأميركيين عن التعددية الثقافية هذا الاحتفال بالتاريخ الأميركي-الإفريقي. إن أمتنا الآن أقوى وأكثر إيحاء بالأمل لأن أجيالاً من الرواد من أمثاله عملوا على مساعدة أميركا على أن تكون في مستوى وعد المساواة والحقيقة العظمى بأن جميع أبناء الله خُلقوا متساوين.
إننا نحتفي طوال شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي بالإسهامات الكثيرة التي قدمها الأميركيون الأفارقة لأمتنا، ونتذكر شجاعتهم في النضال لتغيير قلوب وعقول مواطنينا. وفي حين أنه تم تحقيق الكثير من التقدم، إلا أنه يتعين علينا أن نواصل العمل معاً لتحقيق وعد ورؤيا أمتنا العظيمة.
وبناء عليه، أعلن الآن أنا، جورج دبليو. بوش، رئيس الولايات المتحدة الأميركية، بمقتضى السلطة التي خولني إياها دستور وقوانين الولايات المتحدة، شباط/فبراير 2008، شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي. وإنني أحث جميع المسؤولين الحكوميين والمربين وجميع أبناء شعب الولايات المتحدة على إحياء هذا الشهر من خلال البرامج والنشاطات الملائمة.
وإثباتاً لذلك، وقعت على هذا في اليوم الثامن العشرين من كانون الثاني/يناير من عام ألفين وثمانية للميلاد، الموافق عام 232 منذ استقلال أميركا.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Alex Haley
(1921-1992)
Background and Early Years
American biographer, scriptwriter and novelist, whose most famous work is ROOTS, a publishing phenomenon and international bestseller. Haley traced in it his ancestry back to Africa and covered seven American generations, starting from his ancestor, Kunta Kinte. The book was adapted to television series, and woke up an interest in genealogy, particularly among Black people. Haley himself commented that the novel was not so much history as a study of mythmaking: "What Roots gets at in whatever form, is that it touches the pulse of how alike we human beings are when you get down to the bottom, beneath these man-imposed differences."
He said that three groups of people lived in every village. First were those you could see - walking around, eating, sleeping, and working. Second were the ancestors, whom Grandma Yaisa had now joined.
"And the third people - who are they?" asked Kunta.
"The third people," said Omoro, "are those waiting to be born."
(from Roots)
Alexander Murray Palmer Haley was born in Ithaca, N.Y., on August 11, 1921, as the son of Simon Alexander Haley, a teacher, and the former Bertha George Palmer, also a teacher. His mother, Bertha, died when Alex was only 10, and his father remarried two years later. Haley's father taught at several Southern colleges. In 1921, the family moved to the small town of Henning, Tenn. Alex lived there for five years. His grandfather owned the local lumber company and when he died, Haley's father took over the business. In Henning Alex heard stories from his maternal grandmother, Cynthia Palmer, who traced the family genealogy to Haley's great-great-great-great-grandfather. He was an African, called "Kin-tay," brought by slave-ship to America and named Toby there.
Haley did not excel at school or university. From 1937 to 1939 he studied at Elizabeth City Teachers College in North Carolina. During World War II Haley enlisted in the Coast Guard as a messboy. In 1941 he married Nannie Branch. The marriage ended in divorce in 1964, and in the same year Haley married Juliette Collins. They divorced in 1972. Haley's third wife was the former Myra Lewis of Los Angeles. "I'm just not a stationary husband," Haley once confessed.
His Love For Writing
Haley started to write adventure stories to stave off the boredom, and getting a new rating - chief journalist. For his fellow sailors he composed love letters, which they sent to their girlfriends and wives. His other writings Haley submitted for magazines for eight years and received countless rejection slips, before his first text was published. However, during these frustrating years he learned the basics of storytelling. In 1959, after twenty years of service, Haley left the Coast Guard to become a full-time writer. He wrote for Reader's Digest biographical features, interviewed Miles Davis for Playboy, and produced The Autobiography of Malcom X, his first major work. It appeared in 1965 and had an immense effect on the black power movement in the United States. Before publishing it, Haley worked with the spokesman for the Nation of Islam (Black Muslim) movement, Malcolm X (Malcolm Little, 1925-1965), for nearly two years, one year writing the text. From their conversations he created the story of Malcolm X, told in his own words. The book sold more than six million copies by 1977 in the United States and other countries.
Haley: What motives do you impute to Playboy for providing you with this opportunity for the free discussion of your views?
Malcolm X: I think you want to sell magazines. I've never seen a sincere white man, not when it comes to helping black people. Usually things like this are done by white people to benefit themselves. The white man's primary interest is not to elevate the thinking of black people, or to waken black people, or white people either. The white man is interested in the black man only to the extent that the black man is of use to him. The white man's interest is to make money, to exploit.
The autobiography depicts Malcolm X's experiences of racism in small towns, racial violence, criminal life, and his imprisonment. "When my mother was pregnant with me, she told me later, a party of hooded Ku Klux Klan riders galloped up to our home in Omaha, Neb., one night. Surrounding the house, brandishing their shotguns and rifles, they shouted for my father to come out. My mother went to the front door and opened it. Standing where they could see her pregnant condition, she told them that she was alone with her three small children, and that my father was away, preaching in Milwaukee." Malcolm's belief that he would not live to see the book proved to be correct: he was shot to death shortly before it went to press. Black Muslims viewed white people as a satanic force, but Malcolm X believed that orthodox Islam contained universal principles of brotherhood, which rejected race as a form of identity. "At the time of its publication, the autobiography thus became something more than an exposé of the American Black Nationalist movement: It was a personal witnessing by a black militant of the tenets of universal faith to which he, at least, attributed the potential to resolve the increasingly divisive struggle for civil rights all over the world. Possibly because his autobiography ended with a disavowal of the Black Power movement that was then gaining momentum, both the Nation of Islam and in more radical violence-oriented groups such as the Black Panthers, he fell to assassins' bullets fired by rival African Americans."
In 1965, when Haley was going through post-Civil War records in National Archives in Washington, D.C., he stumbled upon the names of his maternal great-grandparents. During a trip to the British Museum in London he saw the famous Rosetta Stone, which had unlocked the secret of the Egyptian hieroglyphs. The idea - to decipher a historic unknown by matching it with that was known, initiated an odyssey that took 11 years and which is now part of literature history. Relying his family tradition and research, Haley travelled to the village of Juffure, to trace his own ancestor and to meet with a native "griot," an oral historian, who could name Haley's own ancestor Kunta Kinte.
When Roots appeared in 1976, it gained both critical and popular success, although the truth and originality of the book raised some doubts. James Baldwin concluded in his New York Times review, that the novel suggests how each of us are vehicle of the history which have produced us. On the other hand - representing a minority opinion - Michael Arled dismissed the book and television series as Haley's own fantasies about 'going home.'
The story starts from Juffure, a small peaceful village in West Africa in 1750, and ends in Gambia, in the same village, after several generations. However, Haley did not claim that it is possible to return to some Paradise, but depicted realistically his ancestors' life and how the villagers suffered occasionally from shortage of food. "But Kunta and the others, being yet little children, paid less attention to the hunger pangs in their bellies than to playing in the mud, wrestling each other and sliding on their naked bottoms. Yet in their longing to see the sun again, they would wave up at the slate-colored sky and shout - as they had seen their parents do - 'Shine, sun, and I will kill you a goat!'"
In Juffure, among the villages, Haley realized in shock that the color of his skin was much lighter that theirs. Skeptics claimed that the griot, Kebba Kanji Fofana, an old man, was a well-known trickster and told the American visitor just what he wanted to hear. Ignoring these kind of rumors Haley donated money to the village for a new mosque. He also founded in the early 1970s with his brothers the Kinte Foundation to collection and preservation of Black-American genealogy records.
Inspiring a TV Series
Roots won in 1977 the National Book Award and a special Pulitzer Prize. In one year the book sold more than million copies and became the basis of courses in 500 American colleges and universities. Challenging the view of black history as explored in such works as Stanley M. Elkin's Slavery (1959), Haley showed that slaves did not give up all their ties to African culture, but humor, songs, words, and folk beliefs survived. The oppressed never became docile: Kunta Kinte suffered amputation of a foot for his repeated attempts to run away. He also valued his heritage so much that he insisted on being called by his real name Kinte, not by his slave name Toby.
Roots, the television miniseries, run from January 23 to January 30, 1977, and attracted some 130 million viewers - the largest audience up to then. Noteworthy, more people have seen the series than read the book. The idea of miniseries had not been used widely in the United States except on public television. ABC had in 1975-76 success with Rich Man, Poor Man, which encouraged the network to finance additional miniseries, including Roots. It was shown on eight consecutive nights, an hour or two each night. Each episode was complete within itself, ending in positive, hopeful note, exempt the sixth and seventh. - Roots, produced by ABC, was written by William Blinn, Ernest Kinoy, James Lee, and M. Charles Cohen, directed by David Greene, John Erman, Marvin J. Chomsky, Gilbert Moses, and starring Ed Asner, Chuck Connors, Carolyn Jones, O.J. Simpson, Ralph Waite, Lou Gossett, Lorne Greene, Robert Reed, LeVar Burton (as Kunta Kinte), Ben Veeren (as Chicken Geroge), Lynda Day George, Vic Morrow, Raymond St Jacques, Sandy Duncan, John Amos, Leslie Uggams, MacDonald Carey, George Hamilton, Ian MacShane, Richard Roundtree, Lloyd Bridges, Doug McClure, Burl Ives. - A second series, Roots: The Next Generations, was shown in 1979. It spanned the period from 1882 to the 1970s. The show run in six 96 minutes episodes.
Haley's later literary projects included the history of the town of Henning and a biograph of Frank Wills, the security guard, who discovered the Watergate break-in. In television series Palmerstown, USA (1980) Haley collaborated with the producer Norman Lear. The series was based on Haley's boyhood experiences in Henning. A Different Kind of Christmas (1988) was a short novella, in which a slave esacapes and the son of slaveholding Southern parents slowly realizes, that the practice of slavery is wrong. Queen (1993), completed by David Stevens, was a strong epic novel, which focused on Simon Alexander's side of the family.
In 1987 Haley left his home in Beverly Hills, Calif., and moved to Tennessee, his family's home state. Haley died of heart attack on February 10, 1992, at Swedish Hospital Medical Center in Seattle.
Haley's Playboy interviews with Malcolm X, Johnny Carson, Martin Luther King, Miles Davis, and others, written in the years between 1962 and 1992, have been published in an anthology. MAMA FLORA'S FAMILY (1998), based on Haley's writings and written by David Stevens, is a story of Flora, a Black girl born to a sharecropping family in Mississippi. Flora's life is followed from her childhood in the pre-World War I period to the present. The Civil Rights-Black Power paradigm, that caused disagreements in many Black families, is one of the central themes of the book.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Crispus Attucks
(Circa 1723-1770)
Background and Early Years
Crispus Attucks was born around 1723 and was the first of five people slaughtered in the Boston Massacre. He has been frequently named as the first martyr of the American Revolution and remains the only person killed in the Boston Massacre whose name is commonly remembered. He is, thus, an important and inspirational figure in American history.
Little is known for certain about Attucks, however, fragmentary evidence suggests that he may have been a "mulatto,” that is a person of mixed racial identity. He is believed to be of African and Native American ancestry. In the early 1800s, as the Abolitionist movement gained momentum in Boston, Attucks was lauded as an example of a black American who played a heroic role in the history of the United States. Because Crispus Attucks may also have had Wampanoag Indian ancestors, his story also holds special significance for many Native Americans.
Few facts are known about Crispus, but an October 2, 1750, advertisement placed in the Boston Gazette read: “...ran away from his Master William Brown on the 30th of September last, a mulatto fellow, about 27 years of age, named Crispus, 6 feet, 2 inches high, short curl'd hair, his knees near together than common: had on a light colour'd bearskin coat.” Master William Brown offered a reward of £10 for his return. Given the lack of evidence to the contrary, this passage is often associated with Attucks.
An American Indian named John Attucks was executed for treason in 1676, in England, during King Philip's War. In the 1700s, the surname “Attucks” was used by some Praying Indians around Natick-Framingham, Mass. This surname is believed to be an Anglicization of the Wôpanââk word “ahtuk” meaning “deer.”
Native American people and people of African descent frequently had children together in colonial times, as evidenced by early period accounts and by the prevalence today of African phenotypes among Indian tribal groups in New England. Also through phenotypes of other long-established multiracial groups in the Eastern United States. This leads to speculation that Attucks had both African and Native American ancestry.
In popular versions of the narrative, Attucks was born to an African-born Black slave man, named Prince Yonger, and a Native American woman, named Nancy Attucks, who was from either the Natick-Framingham, Mass., area of Middlesex County, which was just west of Boston, or from the island of Nantucket south of Cape Cod, Mass. Attucks grew up in the household of Colonel Buckminster, his father’s master, until sold to Deacon William Brown of Framingham. Unhappy with his situation, Attucks escaped and is believed to have become a rope maker, a manual laborer or a whaler. His quarrel with the British soldiers on March 5, 1770, a result of his righteous indignation regarding the effect of the Townshend Acts imposed by Britain on the local economy, as well as the incidents that had taken place earlier that day.
Role in the Massacre
In 1768, Boston was occupied by British soldiers to help control growing colonial unrest, and possible American revolt, but this only increased tensions with those colonists who opposed British domination over the newly founded American colonies. On March 5, 1770, a crowd of colonists gathered and confronted a group of soldiers about an incident earlier that day in which a soldier struck a boy who confronted him over non-payment of a barber bill.
As anger escalated, a church bell was struck, as it did in the case of fire or another emergency, drawing people out of their homes. The British soldiers of the 29th Regiment were called to duty in response. Townspeople began hurling snowballs and debris at the soldiers. A group of men with clubs in hand, led by Attucks, approached the vicinity of the government building, now known as Old State House, where mobs and soldiers began to tussle. Soon violence broke out, and a soldier was struck by a thrown piece of wood. Some accounts name Attucks as the person responsible for that. Other witnesses, however, stated that Attucks was "leaning upon a stick" when the soldiers opened fire at the Americans.
Three Americans were killed and two were severely wounded. Court documents state that Attucks was the first one killed having taken two bullets in the chest. Attucks’s body was carried to Faneuil Hall where it lay in state until March 8 when he and the other victims were buried together. Because Attucks and others stood up against the British soldiers, who they thought to be tyrannical, he and those in the Massacre are seen as some of the first American Revolutionaries. Attucks is therefore, seen as one of the first American martyrs for freedom.
Aftermath of the Massacre
Based on the premise of self-defense, Attorney John Adams successfully defended the British soldiers against a murder charge for killing Attucks and others. Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter. As soldiers of the King of England, they were given the choice of hanging or being branded on their thumb as punishment. They both chose to be branded. In his arguments, Adams called the crowd "a motley rabble of saucy boys, Negros and molattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs."
Samuel Adams, a cousin of John Adams who held civil disobedience in higher regard, named the event the Boston Massacre two years later and helped assure that it would not be forgotten. Bostonian artist Henry Pelham created an image of the event. Paul Revere made a copy of the image from which prints were made and distributed. Some copies of the print show a man with two chest wounds and dark face who is assumed to be Crispus Attucks.
The five who were killed received an honorary burial in the Granary Burying Ground, where the graves of people like John Hancock and other notable figures are also interred. Law and custom of the period prohibited the burial of Black people in close proximity to White people, which in the racial terminology of the day may also explain that Attucks was considered mulatto rather than “Negro” (African-descent). The aforementioned clues and other circumstantial evidence of the period have given rise to speculation which has, over many decades, become much-repeated folk-history.
Attuck’s Legacy
Attucks has often been praised in writing that was meant to inspire individuals to work towards the ideals of freedom and racial equality. Later, in 1858, Boston-area abolitionists established "Crispus Attucks Day" in honor of his ideals and activist spirit. In 1888, a monument honoring him was erected on Boston Common.
Poet John Boyle O'Reilly in his poetry, described Attucks as "leader and voice that day; The first to defy, and the first to die...riot or revolution, or mob or crowd as you may, such deaths have been seeds of nations." In 1964, Martin Luther King Jr. in the introduction of the book Why We Can't Wait, referred to Attucks as an example of a man whose contribution to history, though much overlooked by standard historians, could be revered as a source of moral courage.
One author wrote this stirring testimony to Attucks’s significance: “He is one of the most important figures in African-American history, not for what he did for his own race but for what he did for all oppressed people everywhere. He is a reminder that the African-American heritage is not only African but American and it is a heritage that begins with the beginning of America.”
In 1888, leaders of both the Massachusetts Historical Society and the New England Historic Genealogical Society opposed the creation of the Crispus Attucks memorial on Boston Common. However, today, both organizations use Attucks’s name to foster interest in Black history and genealogy.
Places named in honor of Attucks include the Crispus Attucks High School in Indianapolis, Ind., the Crispus Attucks Elementary School in Kansas City, Mo., and the Attucks Theatre in Norfolk, Va.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Askia the Great (Askia Muhammad I)
Circa (1442-1538)
Background and Early Years
Askia the Great, also known as Muhammad Ture, was a Soninke king of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century. Askia Muhammad strengthened his country and made it the largest country in West Africa's history. At its peak under Muhammad, the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Mali Empire in the west. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and he made Islam an integral part of the empire.
He is reputed to be buried in the Tomb of Askia in Gao, a World Heritage site. It may be legend, but it’s commonly said that he gained the name Askia, which means “forceful one,” after Sunni Ali Ber’s daughter heard the news of Askia’s war at Anghoke where he won over the throne of Sunni Ali.
The successor of Sunni Ali Ber, Askia Muhammad was much more astute and farsighted than his predecessor had ever been. The intended successor of Sunni Ali was removed by rebelling Islamic factions. In 1493, after Askia, who was one of Sunni Ali’s military generals at the time, began to believe he was better suited to be ruler than Sunni Ali’s chosen successor, Muhammed Toure (Askia), mounted the throne by overthrowing the intended successor and engaging in one of the bloodiest battles in the kingdom’s history. Over 150,000 men fought in this war with majority of them having been wounded or killed. When Askia named himself king, he called himself, “The Prince of Believers” and “Caliph of Mussulmans.”
From the First Day as King
To start, Askia simplified his newly-won empire and established harmony among the religious factions that were continually in conflict with one another. He orchestrated a program of expansion and consolidation that extended the empire from Taghaza in the North, to the borders of Yatenga in the South; and from Air in the Northeast to Futa Tooro in Senegambooties. Instead of organizing the empire along Islamic lines, he tempered and improved on the traditional model by instituting a system of bureaucratic government that was unparalleled in the Western Sudan region. In addition, Askia established standardized trade measures and regulations, and initiated the policing of trade routes. He also encouraged learning and literacy, ensuring that Mali's universities produced the most distinguished scholars, many of whom published significant books.
To secure the legitimacy of his usurpation of the Sunni dynasty, Askia Muhammad allied himself with scholars from Timbuktu and, ushered in a golden age in the city for Muslim scholarship. He knew that a key strategy to keeping his power would be to keep the high priests of the government out of his business. He divided the empire into four parts and chose a viceroy to preside over each. Askia also made a way to have all of his family and relatives part of the government, which brought even more unity within the empire. He did this by taking the daughters of his vassal chiefs as his wives (polygamy is still practiced in some parts of Africa today), and he would marry his own daughters and nieces off to his subject chiefs, high dignitaries, governors and judges in turn. By doing this, majority of the prominent families within the empire were in some way related to him.
He created an army, complete with a reserve, and to police the kingdom, he invented another army made up of cavalry that was fully armored and equipped with weapons such as lances and bow and poisoned arrows. Along the Niger River, Askia demanded harbors be erected and canals be dug. War ship fleets and merchant ships were built in large number and served the purpose of commerce and protection. His main naval fleet was stationed in the center of the river. A robust relationship for trading developed between other nations like Portugal and other Mediterranean empires, while caravans full of goods were sent to Cairo, Algiers, Morocco and Baghdad for trade. Askia was also set on creating highly-advanced education institutions. Children of the Songhai empire were all encouraged, despite religion or racial make-up, to study abroad by attending the Muslim universities in places like Europe and Asia, and likewise, scholars from around the world were invited to study in Timbuktu, where they were given subsidies and accolades. Consequently, the residents of Timbuktu were often well learned. Astronomers from Songhai, for example, knew what things like comets and stars were, while the citizens of England were terrified of giants orbs in the sky that were unknown to them. Because of Askia, Timbuktu garnered the name of “The Queen of Sudan.”
Anyone who threatened Askia’s power was put to death without question. He also did not make it a secret that he firmly supported Islam, and he came down harshly on any non-believers who were native to Timbuktu. The eminent scholar Ahmed Baba, for example, produced books on Islamic law that are still in use today. Mahmoud Kati published Tarik al-Fattah and Abdul-Rahman as-Sadi published Tarik ul-Sudan that chronicle the history of the Sudan, (an ancient reference to Africa, not political Sudan). These are two history books that are indispensable to present-day scholars reconstructing African history in the Middle Ages.
Refusing to Go Down Easily
For all his efforts, Sudan experienced a cultural revival it had never witnessed before, and the whole land flourished as a center of all things valuable in learning and trade. Askia went blind in his old age, and was removed from the throne in 1528 by his son Askia Musa, when he was about 80. Interestingly, for years, the only people who knew about his blindness were his closest family members and government servants. He requested that it be kept a secret for as long as possible so his countrymen did not start to think he was sickly and weak. He chose his brother, Omar Konzagho, to act as his spokesperson so that no one directly saw Askia’s face. The residents of Timbuktu were told to Askia had an evil eye, and so they would not look directly into his eyes out of fear of a curse.
But soon the truth was known, that Askia went blind, and one of his sons named, Faria Mousa, revolted against his father, forcing Askia to abdicate the throne in favor of him. According to the Tarik ul-Sudan, after around 36 years of Faria ruling, he died, and the throne was succeeded by another son of Askia’s named, Benkan. Benkan was even more evil to his father than Faria was. He exiled Askia to an island on the Niger River and took possession of the entire palace. Though, the story goes that a loyal song of Askia’s named Ismail traveled to the island to see his father. Askia felt the muscular arm of Ismail, asked him how it was possible that one so strong permitted his aged father to be "eaten by mosquitoes and leapt on by frogs." When Ismail replied that he had no money to make war, Askia directed him to a spot where he had hidden a large sum of gold. Telling him the names of those who could be counted on for support, Askia dictated a plan of battle. Ismail was victorious and Askia returned to the palace, where he died in 1538 at the age of 96.
Timbuktu flourished and dominated for the next 52 years. Wealth had softened its people, however, and it wasn’t until Emperor Mansour of Morocco sent his troops across the Sahara and they attacked and plundered the city.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Aretha Franklin (2600 hits)
Aretha Louise Franklin was born March 25, 1942, and is an American singer, songwriter and pianist. She has been called "The Queen of Soul" for many years, but many also call her "Sister Ree." She is renowned for her soul recordings, but is also adept at jazz, rock, blues, pop, gospel and even opera. She is widely acclaimed for her passionate, soulful vocal style, which is aided by a massive and powerful vocal range. Franklin’s voice is often considered unparalleled and she’s widely respected the world over. (more)
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Henry Stone (977 hits)
Henry Stone was born and raised in the Bronx, N.Y. and was a Black musical innovator, producer and talent scout. He was one of the first Black people in music industry to bring talent and record labels together, facilitating R%B and blues hits, and superstars, such as James Brown, to succeed.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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DeFord Bailey
(1899-1982)
Background and Early Years
The Grand Ole Opry's first country music star and the person who helped create it, was none other than the legendary "Harmonica Wizard," DeFord Bailey. Bailey was born and raised 40 miles east of Nashville, Tenn.
Born in 1899, in rural Smith County, Tenn., Bailey was the grandson of a freed slave who had fought
for the Union Army during the Civil War. After his mother died when he was only a year old, his father's sister, Barbara Lou and her husband effectively became hBailey's foster parents, caring for him throughout the rest of his childhood. Bailey learned the traditional tunes of what he would later call "Black Hillbilly Music" from his grandfather, his aunt and other family members. He learned to play the harmonica while still a baby, and it remained his favorite instrument. But he was a multi-talented musician who was able to play banjo, guitar, mandolin and even a bit of violin.
Harmonica Master
In 1925, WSM Radio Nashville began the Saturday Night Show of Authentic Folk and Country Music that would become the "Barn Dance." Bailey joined the Opry when it was still known as the WSM Barn Dance. It was renamed the Grand Ole Opry by popular radio announcer, George D. Hay, in 1927. Bailey, with his musical talent, carried the shows during the early years, offering a balance to other performers such as Uncle Dave Macon and the McGee Brothers. He had the soul of a jazz artist, often improvising on the spot, each of his performances were different and equally special. After a typically great performance of his classic train song, "The Pan American Blues," Hay mouthed the phrase that would become music history: "For the past hour we have been listening to music largely from Grand Opera, but from now on we will present The Grand Ole Opry." The legendary Grand Ole Opry and DeFord Bailey, its first star, debuted at that moment.
Bailey’s popularity led the enthusiastic Hay to choose him as one of the Opry acts to be recorded by Columbia Records during a session in Atlanta, in early1927. However, bad business practices made Bailey cancel this deal and sign with Vocalion Records. Vocalion, Brunswick's sister label, created a series. These series sessions yielded eight songs, including "Pan American Blues," the only recordings by a Black performer in the entire series.
A year later, Hay set up the first recording session to ever take place in Nashville, luring the Victor label in town to record his Opry performers. Bailey took part in this historic session, cutting eight new songs in four-and-a-half hours. Three of these songs would later be released by Victor; the last song, "John Henry," was released in 1932. Re-issues of the material were released as late as 1936.
Even though there is evidence that the labels made a lot of money, Bailey saw little profits from these recordings, and never really tried to record again after 1928.
Opry Stardom
Bailey constantly toured with several bands during the 1930s , playing tent shows, county fairs and theaters across the country, always returning to the Opry stage for saturday night's performance. In 1938, he agreed to help publicize Roy Acuff's Smoky Mountain Boys band by touring with them over the next couple of years, directly lending a hand to Acuff's future stardom.
May of 1941, his 16th year with the Grand Ole Opry, Bailey was fired in a mystery that is often covered up or neglected to be investigated by Country Music Historians. In his account of the Opry, popular announcer Hay wrote, "Like some members of his race, DeFord was lazy. He knew about a dozen numbers, which he put on the air and recorded for a major company, but he refused to learn any more."
"It's a terrible thing for the company to say terrible things like that about me," Bailey said in an interview. "I can read between the lines. They saw the day coming when they'd have to pay me right, and they used the excuse about me playing the same old tunes. I told them years, I got tired of blowing that same thing, but I had to go along with them, you know. They held me down-- I wasn't free."
Nashville Mayor Phil Bredesen declared December 14, DeFord Bailey Day, to honor the birthday of this musical legend, but at the Opry, he has been deleted from history.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Bessie Coleman (1313 hits)
Elizabeth “Bessie” Coleman was born on January 26, 1892, and is popularly known as "Queen Bess." She was the first Black woman to become an airplane pilot, and the first American woman to hold an international pilot license. (more)
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: shahto)
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Quote: اخي
قوسو ابدل القني ،، اسمح لي بالمساهمة الصغيرة التي اظنها مهمة
ان السودان كان حاضرا باهلنا النوبة في المكسيك و غيرها لكن هنا اهل دارفور حيث ساهم القائد المثقف فليكس دارفور في الذهاب الي هايتي للمساهمة في اولي
الديمقراطيات في العالم ...لذي هوجمت لانها سوداء اي ديمقراطية سوداء ... والله اذا عم الاسلام المجتمع الاسود لرفضه الجهلاد الكثر ... و ما نكتة الجعلي في الصلاة
الامحطة ذكية للتنبيه ..
نعود لفليكس دارفور الذي ساهم كثير في دعم و خلق الجزور لثوراة جنوب اميريكيا و الكاريبي ...فهلا ذكرناهم ....هؤلاء الفراعنة السود ... اشترو العدد? فبراير ????
national geographic 1.2.2008
اخوك شحتو |
ابانييغ
شحتــــــــــــــو
شكرا على المساهمة 0
بريش
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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الأخ عبد الغنى،
لك التحية والشكر على هذا البوست ،
إحياء هذا الشهر ، شهر التاريخ الافريقى الامريكى القومى مناسبه لتذكر ودراسة هذا التاريخ الذى غير البشرية و تاريخها الحديث.
أخوتنا الامركان الافارقه قد وضعوا بنضالهم للحرية لبنات حركة الحقوق المدنية والتى بدورها كانت الأساس للكثير من الحركات الحقوقية فى كل أنحاء العالم، وإستفاد منها ملايين الناس وآلاف الحركات .
شكرا مره أخرى على هذا البوست.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: Khalid Kodi)
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Quote: الأخ عبد الغنى،
لك التحية والشكر على هذا البوست ،
إحياء هذا الشهر ، شهر التاريخ الافريقى الامريكى القومى مناسبه لتذكر ودراسة هذا التاريخ الذى غير البشرية و تاريخها الحديث.
أخوتنا الامركان الافارقه قد وضعوا بنضالهم للحرية لبنات حركة الحقوق المدنية والتى بدورها كانت الأساس للكثير من الحركات الحقوقية فى كل أنحاء العالم، وإستفاد منها ملايين الناس وآلاف الحركات .
شكرا مره أخرى على هذا البوست.
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العزيز
خالد كودي
تحياتي
نعم كانوا النواة الاولى لمعظم الحركات الحقوقية والتحررية في العالم ولهم منا كل تعظيم واحترام 000000000
شكري
اخي 0
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Powell, Colin Luther
Powell, Colin Luther, 1937–, U.S. army general and government official, b. New York City, grad., City College (B.S., 1958); George Washington Univ. (M.A., 1969). The son of Jamaican immigrants, Powell was the first African American and the youngest person to chair (1989–93) the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the first African American to serve (2001–5) as secretary of state. He entered the U.S. army (1958) as a commissioned officer and served two tours of duty (1962–63, 1968–69) during the Vietnam War. In the 1970s he worked in several staff positions in the White House, including in the Office of Management and Budget, and also served in military command positions. In 1979 he was made a major general and the military assistant to the deputy secretary of defense, a position he held until 1981, when he assumed command of the 4th Infantry Division. From 1983 to 1986 Powell was military assistant to the secretary of defense, and in 1986 he served as commander of the V Corps in Western Europe. The next year he was named assistant to the president for national security affairs.
In 1989, Powell was promoted to four-star general, becoming the first African American to hold that rank, and was named chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He had an important role in planning the American invasion of Panama in late 1989, and prior to the Persian Gulf War (1991) he played a crucial role in planning and coordinating the victory of U.S. and allied forces. He declined to run for the U.S. presidency in 1995, despite widespread encouragement to do so, and in 1997 became chairman of America's Promise–the Alliance for Youth, a charitable organization formed to help needy and at-risk U.S. children. Powell was appointed secretary of state by President George W. Bush in 2001. He advocated the so-called Powell doctrine—that U.S. military power only be used in overwhelming strength to achieve well-defined strategic national interests—while promoting “a uniquely American internationalism,” and he also showed a particular interest in African affairs. As secretary of state, however, his influence on foreign policy issues was not as great as that of National Security Adviser Condoleeza Rice (who succeeded him in 2005), Vice President ######## Cheney, and others. Powell was subsequently publicly critical of a number of administration policies, such as the Guantánamo military prison.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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McCoy, Elijah
Elijah McCoy (1843 or 1844-1929) was a mechanical engineer and inventor. McCoy's high-quality industrial inventions (especially his steam engine lubricator) were the basis for the expression "the real McCoy," meaning the real, authentic, or high-quality thing.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Morgan, Garrett
Garrett Augustus Morgan (March 4, 1877 - August 27, 1963), was an African-American inventor and businessman. He was the first person to patent a traffic signal. He also developed the gas mask (and many other inventions). Morgan used his gas mask (patent No. 1,090,936, 1914) to rescue miners who were trapped underground in a noxious mine. Soon after, Morgan was asked to produce gas masks for the US Army.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Rillieux, Norbert
Norbert Rillieux (March 17, 1806-October 8, 1894) was an African-American inventor and engineer who invented a device that revolutionized sugar processing. Rillieux's multiple effect vacuum sugar evaporator (patented in 1864) made the processing of sugar more efficient, faster, and much safer. The resulting sugar was also superior. His apparatus was eventually adopted by sugar processing plants all around the world.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Malcolm X"
Malcolm X
Humanitarian
Malcolm X was a world renowned African American and human rights activist who, during the 1960s, was known for his powerful oratory skills and articulating racial pride.
"I believe in the brotherhood of man, all men, but I don't believe in brotherhood with anybody who doesn't want brotherhood with me. I believe in treating people right, but I'm not going to waste my time trying to treat somebody right who doesn't know how to return the treatment."
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Dorothy Dandridge
Actress
Once described as the most beautiful woman in America by Life Magazine, Dorothy Dandridge was the first African American to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.
"...You have to find a way to be sad on every day, in every scene, in every moment. And always try to hide the sadness. And (then) you'll get the essence of who she was." -- Halle Berry
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Billie Holiday
Musician
Alongside Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday is considered one of the greatest Jazz singers of all time and was one of the first African American singers to perform with white musicians.
Billie Holiday's grandfather was one of 17 children of a black Virginia slave and a white Irish plantation owner. Her mother was only 13 when she was born.
The future "Lady Day" first heard the music of Louis Armstrong and Bessie Smith on a Victrola at Alice Dean's, the Baltimore "house of ill repute" where she ran errands and scrubbed floors as a young girl.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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William C. Nell, pioneering black historian!
*William Cooper Nell was born on this date in 1816. He was a black lecturer, journalist, and historian.
From Boston, he was the son of William and Louise Cooper. A frequent reader of William Lloyd Garrison’s, “Liberator,” Nell joined the cause of the antislavery movement. He began working for the Liberator newspaper in the 1840’s. At many of the antislavery functions in Boston, he was Garrison’s personal representative. He became active in the Underground Railroad, until ill health forced him to withdraw.
In 1851 he became assistant to Frederick Douglass and soon after published his own pamphlet on "Colored American Patriots" in the Revolution and the War of 1812. This evolved into the book for which he is best known. Nell drew his stories from personal accounts, cemetery records, and research. His book includes an introduction by abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe. Nell has been credited with saving the stories of many Black soldiers from obscurity.
His description of the first martyr to the Revolution, Chrispus Attucks, brought a key Black figure into American history but his efforts to have a monument erected to Attucks was unsuccessful in 1851. In protest to the Dred Scott decision, Nell organized the very first Crispus Attucks celebration in America. After the war ended, Nell became a party in identifying the efforts of the Black soldiers in Civil War. Nell is considered by Carter Goodwin Woodson to be the first African the -American historian.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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W.E.B. DuBois
W.E.B. DuBois was born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.
In 1909, Dubois became one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He became the editor of the NAACP's Crisis magazine, where he often wrote about issues that affected the African American community in the early 20th century. The Souls of Black Folks is a famous book written by Dubois.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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Thurgood Marshall
Judge Thurgood Marshall was a great lawyer and Civil Rights leader. As chief counsel for the NAACP, he won the historic Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case. This unanimous 1954 decision laid the groundwork for school desegregation. In 1967, Marshall was appointed Justice of the Supreme Court by President Johnson. This made him the first African American ever appointed to the Supreme Court.
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: عبدالغني بريش فيوف)
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الأخ عبد الغنى،
سلام وتحيه،
شكرا للمثابره فى هذا البوست وفى هذا الشهر.
اسمح لى بهذه المساهمه.
السمستر الفت طرحنا على الطلاب الامركان الافارقه سؤال حول ماهو أهم هموم الملونين اليوم؟
فأجب معظمهم :
الحرب فى العراق!
معظم الطلاب الامركان الافارقه اما لديهم قريبهم او يعرفون أحد تم إرساله للحرب فى العراق!
فمعظم الجنود الامركان من الملونين الذين إلتحقوا بالجيش بحثا عن فرصه فى التعليم أو تأهيل لوظيفه أو خلاص من واقع جيتو مظلم!!!
إستضفنا فى جاليرى القسم الذى أعمل فيه بمناسبة شهر التاريخ الافروأميركى فنانا افروأمريكى ، شاى جستس.
بدأ مستر جستس كتابة ورسم مذكرات منذ اليوم الأول لبداية الحرب معلنا انه لن يتوقف الا عندما تتوقف الحرب.
هنا بعض ملامح من هذه المذكرة، اتمنى ان تكون الكلمات فيها واضحه، وأتمنى ان تحيى ذكرى الامركان الافارقه الذين قفدوا حياتهم فى الحرب اللعينه وهم يبحثون عن حياة أفضل:
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Re: شهر التاريخ الأميركي الإفريقي القومي (Re: Khalid Kodi)
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Quote:
الأخ عبد الغنى،
سلام وتحيه،
شكرا للمثابره فى هذا البوست وفى هذا الشهر.
اسمح لى بهذه المساهمه.
السمستر الفت طرحنا على الطلاب الامركان الافارقه سؤال حول ماهو أهم هموم الملونين اليوم؟
فأجب معظمهم :
الحرب فى العراق!
معظم الطلاب الامركان الافارقه اما لديهم قريبهم او يعرفون أحد تم إرساله للحرب فى العراق!
فمعظم الجنود الامركان من الملونين الذين إلتحقوا بالجيش بحثا عن فرصه فى التعليم أو تأهيل لوظيفه أو خلاص من واقع جيتو مظلم!!!
إستضفنا فى جاليرى القسم الذى أعمل فيه بمناسبة شهر التاريخ الافروأميركى فنانا افروأمريكى ، شاى جستس.
بدأ مستر جستس كتابة ورسم مذكرات منذ اليوم الأول لبداية الحرب معلنا انه لن يتوقف الا عندما تتوقف الحرب.
هنا بعض ملامح من هذه المذكرة، اتمنى ان تكون الكلمات فيها واضحه، وأتمنى ان تحيى ذكرى الامركان الافارقه الذين قفدوا حياتهم فى الحرب اللعينه وهم يبحثون عن حياة أفضل: |
الاخ
خالد كودي
خالص التحايا
شكرنا موصول عبرك للاخوة الافارقة الذين ساهموا بهذا العمل الرائع جدا في الجامعة
التي تدرس فيها بمناسبة شهر التاريخ الامريكي الافريقي العظيم 00000000
نعم هذه الحرب الظالمة بكل المقاييس لا بد ان تتوقف 00 انها حرب ضد الاخلاق وضد القانون وضد الحضارة ايضا
00 انها حرب الشياطين ولا بد ان تتوقف الان 0000000
مرة اخرى شكرا لك وللاخوة الافارقة وهم يحتفلون بتاريخهم العظيم بتقديم هذا العمل المميز ضد حرب العراق 000
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عبدالغني بريش فيوف
shahto
Khalid Kodi
فيس بوك
تويتر
انستقرام
يوتيوب
بنتيريست