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 Re: نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور (Re: elmahasy)
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قدمت مجموعة التضامن مع أفريقيا والشرق والاوسط بغرب استراليا تنويراً حول مأساة دارفور لعضوية الاتحاد الاشتراكي بغرب استراليا في 11 اغسطس الماضي بالورقة أناه التي اعدها وقدمها الاستاذ/ عبد الله آدم.
Africa and Middle East Solidarity Group in WA
A Brief History of Darfur
A few decades before the Sultanate of Darfur was established the area which is currently referred to as Darfur in Western Sudan was a thriving African kingdom ruled by the Daju tribe followed by Tunjur who ruled during the Christian period from 900 to 1200 after which the kingdom collapsed due to the advancement of Islam Eastwards from the Bornu Empire which centered around Lake Chad.
The Fur tribe established their dynasty after the collapse of the Tunjur Empire and ruled from 1640 to 1916. They name their Sultanate Darfur which means (the homeland of the Fur tribe). Their Sultanate extended from Darfur to the Western banks of Nile. Under their rule the inhabitants of Darfur were completely Islamized but the majority of them maintained their African languages and most of their cultural practices. The Sultans of Darfur fought occasionally with the Wadai kingdom to the East of Darfur and also managed to bring under their control the semi-independent nomadic Arabic speaking tribes neighboring their Sultanate.
In acknowledgment of the ethnic diversity that lived in their sultanate and to gain their loyalty, the Sultans further divided greater Darfur into many (Dars or homelands) named after each tribe that occupied a significant piece of land. Therefore, tribal lands inside Darfur were identified as Dar Zaghawa, Dar Massalit, Dar Rizaigat, Dar Taaesha, Dar Meedoob and .. extra… extra .. all of which exist today with the same names. Tribal boundaries were respected and right of passage was guaranteed to nomadic tribes that crossed the Sultanate seeking pasture. Now and then tribal disputes emerged but elders established reconciliation councils to resolve them. These councils operated very well and without government intervention however, in situations were the government had to intervene, it did so only as a neutral facilitator and mediator. While the indigenous African tribes were predominantly settled framers, the majority of arabized tribes were nomads, cattle and camel herders.
In 1870 Darfur came under the Egyptian rule and was given the status of a province and a few years later Rudolf Slatin was appointed the Governor of Darfur to protect it from the Mahadi army which was advancing towards Darfur. The Mahadi was a religious reformer and a charismatic political leader who united Sudan under his rule. In 1883 Darfur surrendered to the advancing forces and was incorporated into Mahadi’s state.
Following the overthrow of the Mahadi regime in 1898 the new Anglo-Egyptian government of the Sudan resurrected the Fur dynasty by acknowledging Ali Dinar as the Sultan of Darfur. However, in 1915 Ali Dinar rebelled against the Anglo-Egyptian Government of Sudan and was killed. His death marked the end of the Fur dynasty and also the end of Darfur’s independence as it became a province of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. After Sudan gained its independence in 1956 Darfur became a province of the Republic of Sudan.
Geographically Darfur lies in Western Sudan and borders Libya, Chad and the Republic of Central Africa. It occupies approximately 440,000 square kilometers. The Marrah Mountain occupies the central plains of Darfur with its highest peak rising to 3088 meters. Its fertile land and the moderate climate attracted many invaders and the Fur fought many battles to expel them. The current population of Darfur is over 6 millions consisting of over 100 ethnic groups.
Power Elite
Since gaining independence in 1956 the Sudan is continuously governed by political and religious elites whose philosophical orientation is to fully assimilate the nation into Arabist/Islamist ideology sometimes through education, enticement, intimidation and finally jihad or holly war disregarding the ethnic and cultural diversity of the nation. The Southern Sudanese, the Nubians of Western Sudan and South of Blue Nile inhabitants who are very proud of their African heritage were the first ethnic groups to resist assimilation policies. Lack of regional development, monopoly of power, coupled with assimilation policies made them feel marginalized and deprived of equal say in running their affairs. Failure to reach solution through political means plus aggressive government tactics to subordinate them led the Southerns, the Nubians and South of Blue Nile inhabitants to take arms to protect themselves from government army and its militias.
Far in the Eastern part of Sudan lives the Bija tribe who speak Arabic, their African languages and maintains its African culture. The Bija also resisted to be fully assimilated. They felt marginalized due to lack of regional development and equal share in power and resources. Successive governments ignored to address their needs and adopted aggressive policies to displace them. As a result the Bija took arms to protect themselves and also to force the government share power and resources.
While the army was destroying the South the Nuba Mountain, South Blue Nile and the East, Darfur enjoyed relative peace however, the Darfurians who constitutes over 40% of the Sudanese Army fought in all fronts to maintain Sudan unity and by doing that they actually maintained the status quo as planned by the elites in Khartoum. It is worth
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الكاتب |
Date |
| نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور | elmahasy | 06-20-04, 02:07 PM |
| Re: نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور | الجندرية | 06-20-04, 03:03 PM |
| Re: نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور | elmahasy | 06-21-04, 12:47 PM |
| Re: نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور | elmahasy | 08-29-04, 06:19 AM |
| Re: نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور | elmahasy | 08-29-04, 06:20 AM |
| Re: نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور | elmahasy | 08-29-04, 06:21 AM |
| Re: نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور | elmahasy | 08-29-04, 06:22 AM |
| Re: نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور | elmahasy | 08-30-04, 05:53 AM |
| Re: نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور | humida | 08-30-04, 05:57 AM |
| Re: نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور | خضر عطا المنان | 08-30-04, 06:53 AM |
| Re: نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور | elmahasy | 08-31-04, 05:41 AM |
| Re: نداء عــــاجل ... من أجل اقليم دارفور | elmahasy | 09-01-04, 05:50 AM |
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elmahasy
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