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 Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. (Re: خالد الحاج)
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displeasure at some of its programmes. Then on 17 December security operatives raided the agency’s Khartoum offices, confiscated equipment and arrested journalist Salih Adam Belo and camera man Hamid Tirab for three hours. The following day the authorities closed the Al Jazeera offices and Salih Adam Belo was rearrested and held incommunicado by the forces of the National Security Authority (NSA). Under the National Security Forces Act this particular organ of the Sudanese security system is allowed to detain people without charge or trial for up to nine months. In its official explanation for the arrest of Mr Belo, the organisation stated that Al Jazeera was transmitting programmes that were ‘stuffed with false information and poor, biased analyses and with pictures and scenes selected to serve its ends’. It cited as evidence reports about tuberculosis, landmine victims in Sudan and events in the western Darfur region.
Mr Belo was eventually released from Kober Prison on 24 December. However the journalist continues to under go interrogation, and on 1 January 2004 the Sudanese security authorities were reported to have asked the Khartoum government to withdraw Al Jazeera’s licence to run an office in the country.
Other journalists have also faced difficulties. On 12 November the Editor of the Khartoum Monitor Nhial Bol fled northern Sudan following a sustained campaign of harassment, which included regular death threats from the NSA and an alleged assassination attempt in July 2003. Then on 15 November security forces in Nyala, Darfur detained journalists Gasim Taha of Al Sahafa newspaper and Mouhanad Hussain of Akhbar Alyum for a day. The two journalists had been preparing a report on the torching of two villages in southern Darfur province by Arab militias.
The continuing restrictions on press freedom have led to protests both locally and internationally. Most significantly on 13 December 2003 the German news agency DPA reported that Sudanese journalists organised a sit in protest at the offices of Al Ayam and the Khartoum Monitor protesting the banning of the two newspapers. 35 Sudanese journalists representing 17 newspapers also signed a statement which declared that they hoped their action would serve to ‘guarantee rights of expression and to enhance freedoms’, and called for a lifting of the bans and for fair trials for the two papers.
The US Embassy in Sudan also called for a lifting of the two bans, stating that the two papers had been charged on dubious grounds and had not been convicted of wrongdoing. The embassy pointed out that the bans called into question the Sudanese government’s commitment to press freedom, and added ominously for Sudan, that an improvement in Sudan’s human rights performance would be the deciding factor in any US decision to normalise relations with the country.
The harassment of trade unionists and human rights defenders has also continued. On 21 December 2003 the NSA arrested nine members of the General Trade Union Council at a peaceful meeting in a house in Shambat, Khartoum North. The men were interrogated about the activities of their organisation. They were released seven and a half hours later and ordered to report to the agencies offices the following morning at 11. The following day the men were not questioned, but held until 6 pm and again ordered to report back on the following day.
On 28 December the NSA arrested Dr Madawi Ibrahim Adam, human rights activist, consultant engineer at Lamba Engineering Company and chairperson of the Sudan Development Organisation (SUDO), a registered non-governmental organisation (NGO). Dr Adam was seized at his home in Omdurman, Security force operatives are said to have searched the house, seized documents and damaged the building. One of the documents seized was a tender for a project to develop water stations in southern Sudan.
According to the Sudan Organisation Against Torture (SOAT) subsequent to his arrest Dr Adam was taken to his office at Lamba Engineering in Khartoum. The offices were searched and his computer and other items were confiscated. He was detained without charge at an unknown location, and on 3 January 2004 SOAT received information that confirmed that Dr Adam had been transferred to Kober prison. The authorities have yet to give a reason for Dr Adams’ detention. However it is known that he had recently travelled to Darfur, and this may have drawn the government’s attention.
Students continue to receive harsh treatment, including torture, at the hands of security operatives. On 5 January SOAT received news of the arrest of Waiel Taha, a Khartoum University student activist and SOAT member. Another student, Yousif Fat’h Al Rahman was also arrested. According to SOAT, the two men were separated and Mr Al Rahman was taken to an NSA building where five security officers subjected him to torture. He was subjected to death threats, punched in the face, beaten on the soles of the feet and the back, kicked, pressed in the stomach, forced to drink three litres of water from a bottle inserted in his throat, and strangled. He was also hurled onto a road while handcuffed and is currently receiving treatment for his injuries.
The NSA initially denied holding Mr Taha, but eventually released him on bail in the early hours of 7 January 2004, charging him under articles 144 (Intimidation) and 182 (Criminal Mischief) of the 1991 Penal Code. He too had been tortured. On the first day of his detention he was blindfolded, tied to a chair, hit in the genitals, beaten with a hose for two hours and threatened with rape.
In northern Sudan Shari’ah law is currently applicable to all, regardless of their religious affiliation. In a recent case highlighted by both SOAT and Amnesty International, a court in the Kalaka suburb of Khartoum sentenced Intisar Bakri Abdulgader, a teenage student, to 100 lashes for adultery after giving birth to a child out of wedlock. Article 145 of the Penal code defines intercourse outside of marriage as adultery. Ms Abdulgader’s family is of southern Sudanese descent, and although her father is Muslim she was brought up to follow Christianity, her mother’s religion. In an interview with the news agency Agence France Presse, Ms Abdulgader said that her mother had tried in vain to persuade the alleged father to marry her and sign a statement admitting responsibility for the child. Instead the man in question denied ever having met her, and in accordance with Sudanese Islamic law, this denial was sufficient to exonerate him. The sentence, if carried out, would be violation of Sudan’s undertakings under several international conventions to which it is party, including the Convention Against Torture (CAT- that Sudan has signed but has yet to ratify), and such binding legislation as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).
On 29 December the Christian News Agency Compass Direct reported that the authorities had demolished more than 10 Christian churches and a church-run vocational training centre in the Wad el Bashier camp in West Omdurman during the preceding two months. Demolition crews are reported to have razed centres affiliated to the Anglican Church, the African Inland Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Sudan Church of Christ, as well as several mosques, health centres, shops, latrines and bakeries. The events occurred during the cold winter months immediately preceding the Christmas season and affected 15,300 households that were subsequently moved to what one source termed ‘a deserted piece of land which lacked supplies of water’. A UN report estimates that almost 7,500 shelters, houses and latrines will eventually be affected under this demolition order.
ETHNIC CLEANSING AND ARBITRARY DETENTION IN DARFUR
Events in Darfur continue to be a source of great concern. It is in this region in particular that the GoS has embarked on policies that are causing many to doubt the nature of its commitment to the peace and well being of Sudan
In mid December 2003 peace talks in Chad between the GoS and one of the armed rebel groups, the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) broke down. The Chadian senior mediator appeared to blame the SLA for making demands that were ‘unacceptable’ and that the GoS termed ‘unrealistic’. However, the SLA had long questioned the impartiality of the Chadian government, and its main demand was that a neutral country under the auspices of Nigeria, the European Union (EU) and the Arab League should observe the peace talks. The second, according to the SLA, was its desire to include other armed factions, including the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) in negotiations. However according to the GoS, the SLA had demanded to be recognised as the sole representative of the Darfur rebellion and had asked the that the GoS hand-over a military garrison of western Sudan.
Fighting has intensified since the breakdown of the talks. Heavy fighting has been reported in all three Darfur states, and nine villages are reported to have been destroyed in December 2003 alone. Both sides stand accused of violating the ceasefire negotiated in September 2003, and once again civilians have borne the brunt of the suffering.
The GoS is keen to stem the flow of information on events in Darfur, hence the constant harassment of journalists and others who visit or report on the region. Nevertheless, the information that is seeping out of Darfur indicates that the government is conducting a campaign of ethnic cleansing involving the systematic abuse of the human rights of the Fur, Zaghawa, Massalit and other African peoples of Darfur. It has been compared to its actions during the height of its brutality in southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountains. Government tactics include the bombing of civilian targets, the razing of villages by government troops and allied Arab militias known locally as the Janjaweed (man with a horse and a gun), the massacre of civilians, and the rape and abduction of women and children and what many analysts are now terming the ‘systematic’ denial of humanitarian aid. In addition the government is arbitrarily detaining civilians suspected of being sympathetic to the SLA or the JEM, and subjecting the people of Darfur to arbitrary justice.
In Darfur, the GoS is again making use of racism against the African peoples who form a majority in the region, and is manipulating ethnicity in the same manner as it previously manipulated religion in southern Sudan. The government onslaught on African Muslim civilians has been so ferocious that one African tribal leader from Darfur is quoted as stating: ‘I believe this is the elimination of the Black race’ . The testimony of survivors seems to indicate that this may indeed be the aim of the attackers. For example, Tamur Bura Idriss, a 31 year old who survived an attack by militias on refugees who were camped just inside the Chad border heard the gunmen say ‘you blacks, we are going to exterminate you.’
The government initially attempted to deny involvement in events in the region and sought to dismiss the conflict as being one of competition between sedentary and pastoral tribal peoples for the scarce resources in this extremely under developed region. The conflict may well have had its roots in the traditional low-level competition for resources. However, the government’s intervention on the side of pastoralist Arab tribes, through the clearing of land for Arab tribes of Chadian origin and the provision of troops and armaments, escalated the violence and eventually led to two armed uprisings. In a December statement MPs from Darfur emphasised the political nature of the conflict and accused the NIF government of manipulating traditional ethnic tensions and pursuing a policy of Arabisation in order to maintain a base of support in the region.
Following the breakdown of the peace talks, President el Bashir recently told a crowd that the government’s ‘priority from now on is to eliminate the rebellion’. Moreover, in a statement that highlighted the link between the government and the Janjaweed he added: ‘we will use the army, the police, the mujahedeen, the horsemen to get rid of the rebellion’. His willingness to openly speak of utilising the Janjaweed, who primarily attack villages containing non-combatants, is ominous. The GoS also stated that it would begin to prosecute leaders of the Darfur uprising under terrorism laws and seek their extradition from abroad.
Few, in any event, had been convinced by the government’s earlier protestations of innocence in connection with events in Darfur. An investigation by Amnesty International into events in the region had concluded that there was ‘compelling evidence that the Khartoum government is largely responsible for the human rights and humanitarian crisis in Darfur’. Moreover, in an echo of events in southern Sudan, the Brussels based human rights NGO the International Crisis Group noted in December that the government of Sudan has mobilized and armed Arab militias (Janjaweed), whose salary comes directly from booty captured in raids on villages, to terrorise the populace of Darfur’.
As was the case in southern Sudan, the raids in Darfur are systematic and brutal. In an event that further underlines the fact that the GoS is using tactics honed in the killing fields of Bahr al Ghazal and the Nuba Mountains to devastating effect, Amnesty International recently received reports of the abduction of 13 people - three women and many children under 18 and some as young as nine - from Ma’un village, in south Kornoy, West Darfur State. Even more recently, refugees interviewed by a UNHCR emergency team visiting a makeshift refugee site in Djoran in Chad consistently and independently described attacks on their villages by marauding Arab militia groups during which women and girls are raped and kidnapped and goods and livestock are looted. One man from the village of Gurama in Darfur told of an attack on his village by 150 men on camel and horseback. He fled into the surrounding hills with his pregnant wife and children, and his wife gave birth the following day. However the Janjaweed proceeded to set the surrounding bush on fire forcing the family to escape to another hill. The man, who fled on a donkey, said he had left his wife and children in hiding in Sudan while he checked on conditions in Djoran. Another refugee told the UNHCR team that she had managed to escape Gurama along with her five children, but that the Janjaweed had murdered her father in his hut.
The UN estimates that at least 3000 people have died since February 2003. USAID puts the figure at 7000 . According to the UN envoy for humanitarian affairs in Sudan, a million people are currently affected by the civil war currently raging in Darfur . UNICEF estimates that over 750, 000 people have been displaced since February 2003. The UN also estimates that 95,000 Darfur civilians have fled to neighbouring Chad. 30,000 are reported to have poured over the border during December alone and in one incident over the weekend of 2-5 January 2004 up to 3000 families are reported to have fled their razed and looted villages for the town of Junaynah.
The continuing and systematic abuses perpetrated in Darfur by the government and its allied militias have even forced the UN to become more vocal on events in the region. In December United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan expressed alarm at reports of "killings, rape and the burning and #####ng of entire villages," perpetrated against civilians in Darfur, and the obstructing of humanitarian efforts there. Jan Egland, the UN Under Secretary for Humanitarian Affairs, described the humanitarian crisis in Darfur as ‘possibly the worst in the world today’, while Mukesh Kapila, the UN’s Humanitarian Coordinator in Sudan told the BBC that the Sudan Government was preventing food and medical supplies from reaching Darfur province, either for security reasons, or in order to mask alleged human rights abuses: ‘one must say there is a prima facie case that some of the denials of access may well be related to the discomfort of the parties concerned to allow international witnesses’. Mr Kapila also warned that Darfur could be an arena of the worst humanitarian crisis in Sudan since tens of thousands lost their lives in the 1998 government induced famine in Bahr-al-Ghazal.
As well as prosecuting a war, the GoS has launched a wave of arbitrary arrests in Darfur. On 18 December 2003 Sudanese authorities arrested three members of Hassan Al Turabi’s Popular National Congress Party (PNC) and Umma party politicians all of whom hail from Darfur, allegedly in connection with the failure of peace talks in Chad.
On 23 December Amnesty International reported the arrest and incommunicado detention without charge of four men from the African Fur tribe by the National Security Forces in Nyala, expressing fears that the men may be subjected to torture.
On 27 December 2003 human rights advocate Jammaly Hassan Jalal Aldean who hails from the Zaghawa tribe was detained without charge by Security forces in Al Fashir, northern Darfur
On 2 January 2004 security operatives in Zalingy arrested of five men, again from the Fur ethnic group, on suspicion of belonging to the SLA. Both Amnesty International and SOAT highlighted the arrests expressing fear that the men may be subjected to torture Such tactics are routinely used in Darfur and the SLA and its suspected sympathisers and include beatings, electric shocks and lengthy detention in overcrowded centres where inmates receive inadequate food and are refused access to the outside world.
SOAT also reported the arrest in Nyala of two men belonging to the Zaghawa tribe on 5 January, again on suspicion of supporting the SLA.
On 9 January 2004 Amnesty International documented the incommunicado detention of 16 men, and again expressed fears that they may be at risk of torture or ill treatment.
Just as government attacks in rural Darfur target African civilians, the recent wave of arrests in the towns is targeting the region’s white-collar sector. The overwhelming majority of the above mentioned detainees are from Darfur‘s professional sector. They are teachers, merchants, trade unionists, bankers, and civil servants. The only manual worker detained is a bank gatekeeper.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The progress made so far during peace talks is a testimony to the continued engagement of the international community. The sudden decision by Sudan’s chief negotiator, First Vice President Ali Osman Taha, to undertake a (third) Haj to Mecca not only took chief IGAD mediator General Sumbeiywo by surprise, but also forced the suspension of the talks at a critical juncture. The move was evocative of previous government tactics of prevarication during peace negotiations. Consequently, it was interpreted by some observers as constituting a test of international resolve, and led to deepening unease regarding the GoS’s ultimate commitment to peace.
It is vital that the international community maintains its focus and maintains its commitment beyond the signing of a peace treaty, since any treaty will only be sustained by firm international guarantees. To this end, it is essential that key countries immediately allocate sufficient monetary, manpower and material resources to the appropriate UN bodies so that these can be utilised in the immediate aftermath of a treaty.
International engagement will also be required to end the conflict in Darfur. In fact, politicians and rebel leaders from the region are desperately requesting international intervention and are calling for humanitarian access, protection for displaced families and the positioning of independent international monitors in the area to deter continued human rights abuses. As one Darfur MP put it: ‘any negotiation that is not monitored by the international community will lead to nothing’.
The situation in Darfur cries out for urgent international attention. It appears that key members of the international community are beginning to take notice. In a statement issued by the Irish presidency, the European Union (EU) expressed its serious concern regarding the plight of refugees from Darfur and called on both sides to respect the 3 September ceasefire, to ensure ‘the full respect for human rights and the protection of the civilian population, and to ensure ‘full and unimpeded access by relevant United Nations bodies and agencies and other humanitarian actors’ . More recently the Voice of America reported that the US State Department is becoming increasingly concerned that events in Darfur may undermine an agreement ending the war in southern Sudan. The news agency reports a senior State Department official as stating that the US is now pressing the Khartoum government to find a political solution to the Darfur conflict, since continued fighting in Darfur would call into question the durability of any commitments included in Kenya.
Such pronouncements are encouraging. However, the people of Darfur require immediate international assistance. CSW calls on both the EU and the US to go further and facilitate a United Nations Security Council Resolution calling for a comprehensive ceasefire, the convening of all-inclusive peace talks that include the presence of high level international observers, an end to attacks on civilians, immediate and unimpeded humanitarian access, and the positioning of international monitors.
A similar mechanism may also be needed to guarantee the durability of any final peace treaty that emerges from the negotiations currently underway in Kenya.
Finally events in Darfur and the government’s continuing abuse of human rights elsewhere in northern Sudan serve to illustrate that the mandate of the UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights was ended prematurely. It is vital that the Commission on Human Rights adopts a strong resolution condemning and calling for an end to arbitrary detention, torture and the suppression of press freedom in northern Sudan, and the ongoing violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in Darfur.
[email protected]
January 2004
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الكاتب |
Date |
| نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 05:30 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | اساسي | 01-22-04, 05:57 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Tumadir | 01-22-04, 06:05 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 06:10 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 06:07 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | اساسي | 01-22-04, 06:26 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 06:39 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | اساسي | 01-22-04, 07:17 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 07:25 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | فايز السليك | 02-01-04, 00:06 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | nahar osman nahar | 01-22-04, 07:49 PM |
 Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Mohamed Adam | 01-22-04, 08:17 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 08:35 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Adil Isaac | 01-22-04, 09:01 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 10:05 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | hala guta | 01-22-04, 10:11 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | abdelrahim abayazid | 01-22-04, 11:02 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Ali Mahgoub | 01-23-04, 05:20 PM |
 Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | بلدى يا حبوب | 01-23-04, 07:09 PM |
 Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | تراث | 01-23-04, 10:16 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | abdelrahim abayazid | 01-31-04, 04:35 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | degna | 01-31-04, 08:09 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Al-Masafaa | 02-01-04, 11:59 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | فايز السليك | 02-02-04, 00:11 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | مريم الطيب | 02-02-04, 07:39 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-03-04, 11:48 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 04:41 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | مهيرة | 02-04-04, 01:37 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 02:01 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Khalid Eltayeb | 02-04-04, 03:47 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 11:11 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 11:13 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 11:15 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 11:16 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 11:20 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 11:21 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 02:34 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-06-04, 03:17 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | ديامي | 02-06-04, 03:27 PM |
 Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-06-04, 03:40 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Elmosley | 02-06-04, 03:47 PM |
 Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | lana mahdi | 02-06-04, 03:49 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-06-04, 04:05 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Raja | 02-28-04, 03:23 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Alia awadelkareem | 02-28-04, 06:08 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | hanouf56 | 02-28-04, 06:54 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | abdelrahim abayazid | 02-29-04, 02:43 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Kostawi | 03-01-04, 08:08 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | maryoud ali | 03-01-04, 05:32 PM |
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