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 Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. (Re: Khalid Eltayeb)
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ETHNIC CLEANSING IN DARFUR
Events in Darfur continue to be a source of great concern. It is in this region in particular that the Government of Sudan (GoS) has embarked on policies that are causing many observers to doubt the nature of its commitment to the peace and well being of Sudan
In mid December 2003 peace talks in Chad between the GoS and one of the armed rebel groups, the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) broke down. Since then heavy fighting has been reported in all three Darfur states, with nine villages being destroyed in December 2003 alone. Both sides stand accused of violating the ceasefire negotiated in September 2003, and once again civilians are bearing the brunt of the suffering.
The GoS is keen to stem the flow of information on events in Darfur, hence it constantly harasses journalists and others who visit or report on the region. Nevertheless, the information that is seeping out of Darfur indicates that the government is conducting a campaign of ethnic cleansing involving the systematic abuse of the human rights of the Fur, Zaghawa, Massalit and other African peoples of Darfur comparable to its actions during the height of its brutality in southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountains. Government tactics include the bombing of civilian targets, the razing of villages by government troops and allied Arab militias known locally as the Janjaweed (man with a horse and a gun), the massacre of civilians, and the rape and abduction of women and children and what many analysts are now terming the ‘systematic’ denial of humanitarian aid. In addition the government is arbitrarily detaining civilians suspected of being sympathetic to the rebel armed factions (the SLA or the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)), and subjecting the people of Darfur to arbitrary justice.
In Darfur, the GoS is again making use of racism against the African peoples who form a majority in the region, and is manipulating ethnicity in the same manner as it previously manipulated religion in southern Sudan. The government onslaught on Darfur’s African Muslim civilians has been so ferocious that one African tribal leader is quoted as stating: ‘I believe this is the elimination of the Black race’ . The testimony of several survivors seems to indicate that this may indeed be the aim of the attackers. For example, Tamur Bura Idriss, a 31 year old who survived an attack by militias on refugees camped just inside the Chad border quoted the gunmen as saying: ‘you blacks, we are going to exterminate you.’
The government initially attempted to deny involvement in events in the region and sought to dismiss the conflict as being one of competition between sedentary and pastoral tribal peoples for the scarce resources in this extremely under developed region. The conflict may well have had its roots in the traditional low-level competition for resources. However, the government’s intervention on the side of pastoralist Arab tribes, through the clearing of land for Arab tribes of Chadian origin and the provision of troops and armaments, escalated the violence and eventually led to the two armed uprisings. In a December statement MPs from Darfur emphasised the political dimension of the conflict and accused the NIF government of manipulating traditional ethnic tensions and pursuing a policy of Arabisation in order to maintain a base of support in the region.
In any event, few were convinced by the GoS’s earlier protestations of innocence in connection with events in Darfur. A 2003 investigation by Amnesty International concluded that there was ‘compelling evidence that the Khartoum government is largely responsible for the human rights and humanitarian crisis in Darfur’. Moreover, in an echo of events in southern Sudan, the Brussels based human rights NGO the International Crisis Group noted in December 2003 that the government of Sudan had ‘mobilized and armed Arab militias (Janjaweed), whose salary comes directly from booty captured in raids on villages, to terrorise the populace of Darfur’.
The continuing and systematic human rights abuses perpetrated in Darfur by the government and its allied militias have even forced the normally reticent United Nations (UN) to become more vocal on events in the region. In December 2003 UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan expressed alarm at reports of "killings, rape and the burning and #####ng of entire villages," perpetrated against civilians in Darfur, and the obstruction of humanitarian efforts there. Jan Egland, the UN Under Secretary for Humanitarian Affairs, described the humanitarian crisis in Darfur as ‘possibly the worst in the world today’, while Mukesh Kapila, the UN’s Humanitarian Coordinator in Sudan told the BBC that the Sudanese Government was preventing food and medical supplies from reaching Darfur either for security reasons or in order to mask alleged human rights abuses: ‘one must say there is a prima facie case that some of the denials of access may well be related to the discomfort of the parties concerned to allow international witnesses’. Mr Kapila also warned that Darfur could become the arena for the worst humanitarian crisis in Sudan since tens of thousands lost their lives in the 1998 government-induced famine in Bahr-al-Ghazal.
(From CSW Briefing, January 2004)
Genocide?
Article II of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide describes this crime as:
‘Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; or forcibly transferring children of the group to another group’.
The term is increasingly arising in connection to events in Darfur:
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Committee on Conscience
Atrocities committed against the African peoples of southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountains led the Committee to issue a genocide warning for Sudan in 2000 based specifically on the following government actions: ‘a divide-to destroy strategy of pitting ethnic groups against each other, with enormous loss of civilian life; the use of mass starvation as a weapon of destruction; toleration of the enslavement of women and children by government-allied militias; the incessant bombing of hospitals, clinics, schools and other civilian and humanitarian targets; disruption and destabilisation of the communities of those who flee the war zones to other parts of Sudan; and widespread persecution on account of race, ethnicity and religion’.
In January 2004 the Committee expressed similar concerns regarding events in Darfur:
‘In addition to pitting ethnic groups against each other, the government is using other tactics the use of which in southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountains led the Committee on Conscience to issue a genocide warning for Sudan, including restrictions on humanitarian access, which threatens mass starvation, and aerial bombardment of civilian targets.’
Barbara Harff, US Centre for International Development and Conflict Management: Barbara Harff recently stated that Sudan is one of five countries most at risk of genocide. The country meets all six risk factors outlined in the theoretical model for risk assessment and early warning of genocidal violence, namely, prior genocides or politicides (victims killed for their political affiliations or for opposition to a ruling regime); upheaval since 1988; existence of a minority elite; exclusionary ideology; the type of regime; and trade openness. (Preventing Genocide Conference, Stockholm, 27 January 2004)
Both the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Deutsche Presse Agentur (DPA) report that diplomats speak increasingly of ‘ethnic cleansing’ when discussing events in Darfur. For their part, UN officials are frequently making use of the term ‘systematic’ in connection with the activities of both the government and its allied militias:
Tom Vraalsen, UN Special Envoy for Humanitarian Affairs in Sudan:
‘Delivery of humanitarian assistance to populations in need is hampered mostly by systematically denied access. While [Khartoum's] authorities claim unimpeded access, they greatly restrict access to the areas under their control, while imposing blanket denial to all rebel-held areas.’ (Note to the Emergency Relief Coordinator; ‘Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis in Darfur,’ 8 December 2003)
‘Tribal leaders and humanitarian actors on the ground … reported that [Khartoum-backed Arab] militias were launching systematic raids against civilian populations. These attacks included burning and #####ng of villages, large-scale killings, abductions, and other severe violations of human rights. Humanitarian workers have also been targeted, with staff being abducted and relief trucks looted.’ (Note to the Emergency Relief Coordinator; ‘Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis in Darfur,’ 8 December 2003)
Bertrand Ramcharan, Acting UN High Commissioner for Human Rights:
‘The acting High Commissioner for Human Rights is deeply concerned over the deteriorating human rights and humanitarian situation in Darfur, western Sudan. Systematic human rights abuses against unarmed civilians have been reported, including against women and children, as well as burning and #####ng of villages, causing massive internal displacement and an outflow of refugees’ (Geneva, 29 January 2004)
February 2004
[email protected]
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| العنوان |
الكاتب |
Date |
| نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 05:30 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | اساسي | 01-22-04, 05:57 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Tumadir | 01-22-04, 06:05 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 06:10 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 06:07 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | اساسي | 01-22-04, 06:26 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 06:39 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | اساسي | 01-22-04, 07:17 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 07:25 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | فايز السليك | 02-01-04, 00:06 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | nahar osman nahar | 01-22-04, 07:49 PM |
 Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Mohamed Adam | 01-22-04, 08:17 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 08:35 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Adil Isaac | 01-22-04, 09:01 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 01-22-04, 10:05 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | hala guta | 01-22-04, 10:11 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | abdelrahim abayazid | 01-22-04, 11:02 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Ali Mahgoub | 01-23-04, 05:20 PM |
 Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | بلدى يا حبوب | 01-23-04, 07:09 PM |
 Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | تراث | 01-23-04, 10:16 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | abdelrahim abayazid | 01-31-04, 04:35 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | degna | 01-31-04, 08:09 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Al-Masafaa | 02-01-04, 11:59 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | فايز السليك | 02-02-04, 00:11 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | مريم الطيب | 02-02-04, 07:39 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-03-04, 11:48 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 04:41 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | مهيرة | 02-04-04, 01:37 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-04-04, 02:01 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Khalid Eltayeb | 02-04-04, 03:47 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 11:11 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 11:13 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 11:15 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 11:16 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 11:20 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-05-04, 11:21 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | فتحي البحيري | 02-06-04, 02:34 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-06-04, 03:17 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | ديامي | 02-06-04, 03:27 PM |
 Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-06-04, 03:40 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Elmosley | 02-06-04, 03:47 PM |
 Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | lana mahdi | 02-06-04, 03:49 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | خالد الحاج | 02-06-04, 04:05 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Raja | 02-28-04, 03:23 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Alia awadelkareem | 02-28-04, 06:08 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | hanouf56 | 02-28-04, 06:54 PM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | abdelrahim abayazid | 02-29-04, 02:43 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | Kostawi | 03-01-04, 08:08 AM |
| Re: نداء عاجل للمجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان. | maryoud ali | 03-01-04, 05:32 PM |
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