الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش

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مكتبة آمنة أحمد مختار(AMNA MUKHTAR)
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06-28-2006, 10:06 PM

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Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش (Re: AMNA MUKHTAR)


    Native People, Law


    Owing to Canada's complex social and constitutional history, the special legal rights of Canada's native peoples vary from one part of the country to another and in their application to different groups. Today there are no longer special disabilities attached to native status. Earlier rules (eg, those preventing Indian people from voting or leaving their reserves without permission) have been repealed; other discriminatory laws are unlikely to be enforced (eg, the DRYBONES CASE). The one thing native people cannot legally do is bargain away their ABORIGINAL RIGHTS, treaty rights or reserved lands to anyone other than the Crown in right of Canada. Generally, native people have the same legal rights as other Canadians and may be able to claim special rights by virtue of their native status, which is a complex issue.




    Native Status


    Section 35 of the CONSTITUTION ACT of 1982 defines "the aboriginal peoples of Canada" as the INDIAN, INUIT and MÉTIS peoples. Historical and legal differences of the past, however, complicate the question of definition, and this problem is aggravated today because the 3 groups do not share equal rights; nor does the federal government accept equal responsibility in dealing with them.

    In early times people who followed the Indian way of life were accepted as Indians. Not until 1850 was a bloodline requirement prescribed in Lower Canada to define who could occupy Indian reserve lands. Since Confederation, federal law has created an elaborate system of status and band membership for Indians. Amendments to the INDIAN ACT in 1985 dramatically changed these historic rules, which had been widely criticized.

    The federal government determines Indian status under its own rules, which no longer exclude women marrying non-Indians. Status is neither gained nor lost through marriage, and band councils can now enact residency bylaws. The old pattern of determining status, band membership and residency rights by the same set of rules is now subject to variation across the country.

    The courts have held that Parliament's power in relation to "Indians" includes legislative control over Eskimos or Inuit, but there is no "Inuit Act," possibly because there have not been "Inuit reserves" to regulate. Inuit status is likely to be defined legally as LAND CLAIMS are negotiated and the question of "beneficiaries" is addressed. For northern Québec Inuit this process was accomplished by an initial enrolment of beneficiaries with future additions on the basis of descent, marriage or adoption.

    Métis, however, is a term of uncertain application, used variously to describe everyone of mixed native/non-native blood, or those who took land scrip rather than treaty (see INDIAN TREATIES); those entitled to Métis lands under the MANITOBA ACT, 1870; those registered under the Alberta Métis Betterment Act; or the francophone segment of the mixed-blood communities of the Northwest. Depending on which definition is used and through how many generations it is extended, estimates of the Métis population range from 100 000 to one million. Generally, no continuing Métis rights are recognized under federal law, and in the constitutional discussions in 1984 federal government representatives took the position that Métis, unlike Indians and Inuit, were not under federal legislative jurisdiction. Some provincial laws do make special provisions for Métis communities within their boundaries. If Parliament does have parallel jurisdiction over Métis and their lands, these provisions could generate constitutional confusion.



    Land Rights of Native People


    Parliament also has the power to make laws in relation to "lands reserved for the Indians," and the federal government has the power to bargain with native groups for the release of native land rights. Under Canadian CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, once such a release is given those lands are subject to the general provincial ownership of crown lands and natural resources and the federal government loses all rights to deal with such lands on behalf of the natives. Even the clear provisions of the Indian Act dealing with federal management of surrendered Indian reserve lands cannot operate unless there is a federal-provincial agreement in place concerning the status of the surrendered lands.

    Such agreements have been made with NS, NB, Ontario and BC, and by the Statute of Westminster of 1931, which affects Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. There are no special arrangements with Québec, PEI or Nfld; none are required for the territories which are under federal jurisdiction.

    The land rights of native peoples are largely undefined, but they have been described as "usufructuary," referring to a Roman law right to use land owned by another; in this case it is the native right to use lands technically owned by the Crown. Native rights to land as defined by the Indian Act are communal in nature, belonging to the group rather than the individual member, and cannot be bargained away except by the group to the Crown in right of Canada (see INDIAN RESERVE).



    Laws of General Application


    Native people are subject to the general law of the land, together with other Canadians, unless there is some aboriginal, treaty or other provision affording special protection. If a law conflicts with native lifestyle or culture, and there is no special protection, the courts will apply that law to natives.

    Laws of general application can be provincial laws or federal statutes such as the Criminal Code or the Fisheries Act. Under s88 of the Indian Act, however, the term refers only to provincial laws. All laws are, however, subject to the constitution and s35 affords general protection of aboriginal and treaty rights from encroachment by federal or provincial laws. Sparrow (1990) held that federal laws can regulate the exercise of these rights if any infringement can be justified for conservation or public safety reasons.



    Hunting and Fishing Rights


    In those areas where these harvesting rights are not assured by treaty, native peoples can rely upon constitutional protection for their aboriginal rights to hunt and fish. In the Prairie provinces, in order to consolidate treaty promises, the Constitution Act of 1930, guaranteed Indians the right to hunt and fish for food, free of provincial regulation, on unoccupied crown lands and other lands to which they have a right of access. Métis have generally failed in their attempts to claim these rights. Inuit harvesting has rarely been regulated.

    It remains unclear to what extent native harvesting can be engaged in for commercial purposes. Agawa (198 and Jones (1993) affirmed treaty rights to fish commercially while Horseman (1990) held that commercial harvesting rights in the prairie provinces, while previously confirmed by treaty, were extinguished by the Constitution Act of 1930. The extent of aboriginal (nontreaty) rights to harvest for sale or barter is an issue that, in 1996, is expected to be determined by the Supreme Court of Canada in a number of fishing cases on appeal from BC.



    Legal Status of Native Communities


    While native rights are regarded as communal, the formal legal status even of Indian bands is not clearly defined in Canadian law: bands may not be able to sue or be sued in their own names or limit financial liability for debts to communal assets. Some groups avoid this by incorporation, a legal procedure to acquire certain rights and immunities; others avoid incorporation because it entails the loss of tax exemptions relating to Indian status.

    Inuit and Métis groups have incorporated political and development associations (see NATIVE PEOPLE, POLITICAL ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVISM) and formed co-operatives (see INUIT CO-OPERATIVES), but do not as communities have statutory powers under federal law. Indian bands and BAND councils are given limited powers under the Indian Act. One of the goals of ABORIGINAL SELF-GOVERNMENT is to enhance and to recognize constitutionally the legal rights and powers of bands.



    Customary and Cultural Practices


    Canadian law has recognized certain native traditions. One example is the early recognition courts gave to customary marriages, although without a parallel recognition of customary divorce. The Indian Act refers to "customary adoptions," without explanation, and the courts have recognized these adoptions not only in Indian, but also in Inuit communities, on the basis of recognition of indigenous customary law. Similarly, because the election provisions of the Indian Act are not mandatory, band leadership chosen by customary means can exercise the statutory powers of a chief and council. In many communities, conflicts between customary and elected councils have endured for decades; in others such disputes are proliferating as traditional elements seek to assert their ancestral authority or elected councils come to be seen as pawns of the federal government. Amendments to the Indian Act in 1985 have also given rise to cases such as Corbière (1993),where some members of an Indian band, many of whom had just gained status and membership, challenged the Indian Act provisions which would deny them voting rights because they did not ordinary reside on reserve.

    It is likely that the catalogue of legally recognized customary practices will increase in future. The CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS, for example, refers to customary language rights, and these rights may apply to NATIVE LANGUAGES.



    Taxation


    Under the Indian Act the interest of an Indian or a band in reserve lands and the personal property of Indians or bands situated on a reserve are exempt from taxation. Complex questions have arisen in applying this provision to sales and income taxes. Williams (1992) held that income taxes are not payable by Indians if their income is sufficiently connected to a reserve to be deemed property situated on-reserve. Subsequent changes to Revenue Canada's collection procedures remain controversial. Generally, the same principles are applied in respect to goods or services otherwise subject to the GST, a federal tax. Although some provinces recognize specific exemptions for reserve residents or for on-reserve purchases by Indians, the limits of provincial powers to tax Indians are circumscribed, constitutionally, by the ascendant federal restrictions set out in the Indian Act.

    There is no special exemption from customs and excise duties, notwithstanding provision in JAY'S TREATY (1794) and the Treaty of GHENT (1814) that Indians could cross the Canada-US border freely with their goods. In the Francis Case (1956) the Supreme Court of Canada held that these were not Indian treaties and that, while they were international treaties, they had not been given legislative force within Canada.

    Native groups can be expected to advocate extended tax exemptions in the course of constitutional and land-claims negotiations. In the 1996 agreement to settle the Nisga'a claim, however, the Indian claimants agreed to limit and eventually eliminate some of their protection from provincial taxation. BC is expected to make the same demand of other claimants in the context of the treaty process in that province.



    Equality Before the Law


    Democratic theories of majority rule and equality before the law often give insufficient regard to minority rights, and this inherent tension has found its way into native cases. The 1960 CANADIAN BILL OF RIGHTS affirmed the right to equality before the law and, in the DRYBONES CASE, the Supreme Court of Canada held that an Indian had been unfairly discriminated against on the basis of race by being convicted under an Indian Act provision that made it an offence for an Indian to be intoxicated off-reserve. The Indian Act provision, which imposed slightly heavier penalties than comparable territorial law, was struck down since it denied the accused equality before the law.

    In a later case, the court did not apply the Canadian Bill of Rights. Its decision in the LAVELL CASE (1973) was based on reasoning that if the court struck down a discriminatory membership provision of the Act, it might effectively repeal the whole statute that discriminates on the basis of race. The court's decision in Lavell was widely criticized. This potential conflict between minority rights and equality before the law is apparent in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, where specific provision is made that none of the guarantees, including that of equality before the law, shall be construed so as to diminish aboriginal or treaty rights under the Royal Proclamation of 1763.



    Aboriginal Justice Systems


    RCAP has taken up the challenge of finding a way to reconcile many residual conflicts between native custom and non-native legal regimes. Particularly in the area of criminal justice, it notes in an interim report the historic discrimination native people have suffered at the hands of an essentially European legal system, the disproportionate numbers of native people incarcerated, and recommends the creation or recognition of aboriginal justice systems to deal with offences and rehabilitation in culturally appropriate ways. Diversion programs and sentencing circles are used in many centres now, including urban centres.

    Aboriginal groups see justice systems as an integral part of their right to self-determination. While such systems cannot be expected to deal with all disputes or to reconcile all differences, they may well prove to be the touchstone of governments' intentions to recognize and defer to aboriginal jurisdiction over their own peoples.



    Summary


    Following the Constitution Act of 1982, the constitutionally recognized legal rights of native peoples are of 3 types: those determined to be "existing" for the purposes of constitutional protection; those acquiring constitutional protection by way of land-claims settlements; and those given constitutional or statutory recognition as the result of negotiations between native groups and governments.

    See also ROYAL PROCLAMATION OF 1763.




    Suggested Reading P. Cumming and N. Mickenberg, Native Rights in Canada (2nd ed, 1972); K. Lysyk, "The Unique Constitutional Position of the Canadian Indian," Canadian Bar Review 45 (1967); D. Sanders, "Indian Hunting and Fishing Rights," Saskatchewan Law Review 38 (1973-74); J.C. Smith, Regina v. Drybones and Equality before the Law, Canadian Bar Review 49 (1971); W.S. Tarnopolsky, The Canadian Bill of Rights and the Supreme Court Decisions in Lavell and Burnshine: "A Retreat from Drybones to Dicey?" Ottawa Law Review 7 (1975); RCAP, Bridging the Cultural Divide - Report on Aboriginal People and Criminal Justice in Canada (1996); R. Ross, Dancing with a Ghost (1992); J. Woodward, Native Law (1994).



    Author WILLIAM B. HENDERSON

                  

العنوان الكاتب Date
الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-22-06, 08:04 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-22-06, 08:12 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش ابوالقاسم ابراهيم الحاج06-22-06, 08:23 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Abureesh06-22-06, 08:33 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-22-06, 08:37 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-22-06, 08:47 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-22-06, 08:53 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش abcde06-22-06, 08:54 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Talb Tyeer06-23-06, 00:19 AM
      Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 12:04 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 11:28 AM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش ابوالقاسم ابراهيم الحاج06-22-06, 10:23 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Mohamed E. Seliaman06-24-06, 03:07 AM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش abcde06-23-06, 11:52 AM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش على محمد على بشير06-23-06, 12:31 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 12:17 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Adrob abubakr06-23-06, 12:35 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 12:40 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 12:57 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Tragie Mustafa06-23-06, 01:27 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش على بازرعه07-17-06, 01:04 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 01:25 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 01:31 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 01:44 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 02:21 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 02:40 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 03:19 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 03:45 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-23-06, 03:56 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش على محمد على بشير06-24-06, 02:36 AM
      Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Mohamed E. Seliaman06-24-06, 02:51 AM
        Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Mohamed E. Seliaman06-24-06, 02:59 AM
          Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش mohamed osman bakry06-24-06, 03:31 AM
            Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-24-06, 01:18 PM
          Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش aymen06-24-06, 03:42 AM
            Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Talb Tyeer06-24-06, 03:56 AM
              Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-24-06, 01:29 PM
            Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش عشة بت فاطنة06-24-06, 05:04 AM
              Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-24-06, 01:48 PM
          Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-24-06, 01:06 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش siddieg derar06-24-06, 03:55 AM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Suad I. Ahmed06-24-06, 04:27 AM
      Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Faisal Taha06-24-06, 06:36 AM
        Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-24-06, 03:04 PM
      Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-24-06, 02:33 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-24-06, 02:13 PM
  الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان... التهميش فى الهوامش عادل طه06-24-06, 01:17 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان... التهميش فى الهوامش BAKASH06-24-06, 03:39 PM
      Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان... التهميش فى الهوامش Faisal Taha06-24-06, 04:11 PM
        Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان... التهميش فى الهوامش Adrob abubakr06-24-06, 04:24 PM
          Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان... التهميش فى الهوامش هاشم نوريت06-24-06, 04:53 PM
            Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان... التهميش فى الهوامش Imad Khalifa06-24-06, 05:28 PM
              Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان... التهميش فى الهوامش Mohamed E. Seliaman06-25-06, 01:34 AM
                Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان... التهميش فى الهوامش Mohamed E. Seliaman06-25-06, 03:28 AM
                  Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان... التهميش فى الهوامش Mohamed E. Seliaman06-25-06, 03:52 AM
                    Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان... التهميش فى الهوامش BAKASH06-25-06, 04:51 AM
                      Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان... التهميش فى الهوامش Mohamed E. Seliaman06-25-06, 05:09 AM
                        Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان... التهميش فى الهوامش Mohamed E. Seliaman06-25-06, 06:37 AM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 08:29 AM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Mohamed E. Seliaman06-25-06, 08:48 AM
      Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Mohamed E. Seliaman06-25-06, 08:58 AM
        Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Mohamed E. Seliaman06-25-06, 09:08 AM
        Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش ابوالقاسم ابراهيم الحاج06-28-06, 11:07 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 09:22 AM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 09:22 AM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 09:51 AM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 10:20 AM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 10:56 AM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Adrob abubakr06-25-06, 11:56 AM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 11:33 AM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 01:19 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Osman M Salih06-25-06, 01:45 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 01:38 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 03:33 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 02:24 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Imad Algadi06-25-06, 03:20 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 03:54 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Adrob abubakr06-25-06, 03:52 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 04:40 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 04:13 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-25-06, 04:55 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش ابوالقاسم ابراهيم الحاج06-25-06, 08:43 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Abureesh06-25-06, 11:00 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش alsngaq06-26-06, 03:17 AM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش ابوالقاسم ابراهيم الحاج06-26-06, 05:02 AM
      Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-26-06, 04:14 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-26-06, 12:46 PM
  الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان.... التهميش داخل الهوامش عادل طه06-26-06, 06:59 AM
    Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان.... التهميش داخل الهوامش Faisal Taha06-26-06, 08:49 AM
      Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان.... التهميش داخل الهوامش Mohamed E. Seliaman06-26-06, 09:11 AM
    Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان.... التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-26-06, 01:03 PM
      Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان.... التهميش داخل الهوامش BAKASH06-26-06, 03:23 PM
        Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان.... التهميش داخل الهوامش Tragie Mustafa06-26-06, 04:36 PM
        Re: الفصل العنصري فى شرق السودان.... التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-26-06, 06:47 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Adrob abubakr06-26-06, 05:07 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-27-06, 11:04 AM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-26-06, 06:29 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-26-06, 06:30 PM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش AMNA MUKHTAR06-27-06, 11:13 AM
  Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش Adrob abubakr06-27-06, 12:39 PM
    Re: الفصل العنصرى فى شرق السودان ...التهميش داخل الهوامش BAKASH06-27-06, 04:23 PM


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