تساؤلات في القرآن

Quote: عن جذور الدين:- هناك كثير من الفلاسفة الذين تناول الدين من وجهات نظر مختلفة في رفضهم له – لودفيج فير باخ ،ماركس،جان بول سارتر سيجموند فرويد واخرين . كما هناك تيار حديث يمثله –ريتشارد دوكينز ،دان دانت، كرستوفر هيتشن، سام هريس . سوف اتناول بعضا منهم. في الكود ادناه يتناول لودفيج فيرباخ الدين كحالة من حالات الاستلاب . يعزي الي علاقة الانسان بالطبيعة وخوفه من مواجهتها ، ذلك دافعه الي البحث عن مايحميه ، مما ادي الي افتراض قوة وهمية تعلو علي الطبيعة .يبرهن فيرباخ علي الخطأ الفطري وطبيعيَة الدين، اذ يري ان الدين ليس سوي فكرة الانسان التي اخترعها بنفسه . اذا يري ان حياته تعتمد علي قوة خارقة لها صفة الكمال التي نشأت منها مفهوم الالوهية . The feeling of dependence in man is the source of religion; but the object of this dependence, viz., that upon which man is and feels himself dependent is originally nothing but nature. Nature is the first original object of religion as is sufficiently proved by the history of all religions and nations. The assertion that religion is innate with and natural to a man, is false if religion is identified with theism; but it is perfectly true, if religion is considered to be nothing but that feeling of dependence by which man is more or less conscious that he does not and cannot exist without another being, different from himself and that his existence does not originate in himself. (Religion thus understood, is as essential to man as light to the eyes, as air to the lungs as food to the stomach. Religion is the manifestation of man’s conception of himself, but above all man is a being who does not exist without light, without air, without water, without earth, without food- he is, in short, a being dependent on nature. This dependence in the animal, and in man as far as he moves within sphere of the brute, is only an unconsciousness and un reflected one; but by its elevation into consciousness and imagination, by its consideration and profession, it becomes religion) ( The essence of religion. Ludwig Feuerbach- by Alexander Loos) في الفقرات ادناه ينطلق سيجموند فرويد في رفضه للدين ، اذ يري انه يمثل ضعف الانسان في مواجهة الموت وفي صراعه ضد قوة الطبيعة واخطارها. اذ ان فكرة الاله تحقق اغراضها عند الانسان وذلك بإعتقاده بتخليصه وتطهيره من رعب الطبيعة وترويضه في مواجهة قسوة القدر كما هي تعويض له في مواجهة المعاناة والحرمان الذي يتعرض له في حياته.وقد تطورت هذه الفكرة عند فرويد1927 عندما تحدث عن الدين بإعتباره وهم وخيال يجب التخاص منه وهو هنا يتفق تماما مع رفض الماركسية للدين ومع مفهوم ماركس عن الاغتراب . (Religion is an outshoot of the father-complex and represents man’s helplessness in the world, having to face the ultimate fate of death, the struggle of civilization, and the forces of nature. He view God as child-like “longing for [a]father “((p9-18)in his words “ the Gods retain the threefold task ; they must exorcize the terrors of nature, they reconcile men to cruelty of fate, particularly as it is shown in death, and they compensate them for the sufferings and privations which a civilized life is command has imposed on them) (Psychoanalysis of Religion)Sigmund Freud. “His ideas about religion were also developed in “ The Future of illusion” 1927. When Freud spoke of religion as illusion, he maintained that it is a fantasy structure form which a man must be set free if he is to grow to maturity; and in his treatment of unconsciousness he moved toward atheism .I n this sense Freud approached the Marxist theory of alienation “ سوف نواصل تعريف الاسطورة وعلاقة الدين بالاسطورة