نعي وتضامن مع أسر الزملاء محمد خاطر ومحمد حسين ومدثر خميس ..

Quote: 3.1 Security – General state of insecurity and overview of the state and non-state actors in Darfur, Chad and CAR The whole region of the quadrant remains in a general state of insecurity fuelled by cyclical bouts of conflict related to encounters between pastoralists and sedentary farmers at various times of the year and punctuated by full blown armed conflict between various rebel groups and government forces. Against this backdrop, banditry runs rife and includes elements from all members of the population and various belligerent groups who benefit from a total absence of any rule of law. Any improvement in security is generally associated with a lull in direct conflict between, usually, armed groups due to various short lived peace or dialogue. However, irrespective of whether there is a peace between the various political motivated belligerents (rebels and governments), banditry and conflict between pastoralists and farmers remains. This has the very effective result of continuing the state of insecurity and inhibiting returns and efforts to support returns when they do occur. Four sources of insecurity 1. Armed clashes (Government on population, Rebel against population, rebels against each other or Government against rebel; any incident involving peacekeepers or other foreign troops in the region; 2. Tribal clashes 3. Crime / Banditry 4. Poaching (poachers with anti-poachers or local population (rare), anti-poachers clashing with local population and pastoralists (often), government forces clashing with poachers (rare but getting increasingly more commonplace). Self defense groups The phenomenon of self-defense groups is well documented in history across the world. When faced with constant threats by belligerent groups civilians organize themselves and defend themselves. In the quadrant, self-defense groups emerged and continue to proliferate in the rule of law vacuum, which is the result of the state’s complete inability to protect local populations from various sources insecurity listed above. Whether in CAR, South Sudan, Chad or Sudan many self-defense groups once formed often morph into rebel groups that aim to take power and are prone to falling into the three-step cyclical trap: rebellion-reintegration-defection. Government forces (Army, Police, Anti Poachers, Militias) Rebels International forces Bandits, poaching Self-defence groups Dar Sila Minimal presence Chadian rebel groups French Yes ? Ouaddaï Minimal presence Joint Sudan-Chad border patrol (Abeche, El Geneina) French Yes No Moyen-Chari Chadian forces (due to proximity to oil extraction sites) Police in some rural settings (patrol) French Yes Salamat Minimal presence of army in urban settings. Police in some rural settings (patrol) Chadian rebel groups French Yes Vakaga Minimal presence in urban settings (currently routed by Seleka rebel group) Anti poachers in national parks Seleka LRA (roaming) Tri-nation force (Sudan, CAR, Chad) deployed on occasion and MICOPAX elements Yes Yes Bamingui-Bangoran Minimal presence in urban settings (currently routed by Seleka rebel group) Anti poachers in national parks Seleka MICOPAX Yes Yes Haute-Kotto Minimal presence in urban settings (currently routed by Seleka rebel group) Anti poachers in national parks Seleka LRA (roaming) Roaming International force charged with tracking LRA Yes Yes Haut-Mbomou Minimal presence in urban settings only (currently routed by Seleka rebel group) Anti poachers in national parks Seleka LRA (roaming) Roaming International force charged with tracking LRA Yes Yes South Darfur Minimal presence in large urban settings only including some IDP camps. JEM SLA-AW SLA-MM LRA (roaming) UNAMID Minimal presence in large urban settings only including some IDP camps. Patrols in camps and some rural areas Yes Yes West Darfur Minimal presence in large urban settings only including some IDP camps. JEM SLA-AW SLA-MM UNAMID Minimal presence in large urban settings only including some IDP camps. Patrols in camps and some rural areas Yes Yes Western Bahr Ghazal SPLM JEM SLA-AW SLA-MM LRA (roaming) No Western Equatoria SPLM JEM SLA-AW SLA-MM LRA (roaming) No