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 Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل (Re: SARA ISSA)
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Few international issues have caught the attention of the American people as much as have the atrocities in Darfur. The Sudanese government and the Janjaweed militias, an Arab supremacist movement, have been carrying out a horrifying campaign of ethnic cleansing against African tribes. Some 2,700 villages have been destroyed, and as a result of the violence and the related starvation and disease, some 250,000 Sudanese have died, most in 2003 and 2004, and another two million have fled to refugee camps. The Bush administration has called these atrocities a genocide. U.S. human rights organizations, U.S. religious institutions, and a burgeoning U.S. student movement have organized a national campaign to ensure that policymakers in Washington do not overlook the crisis. Both the Democratic and the Republican candidates for president have put Darfur on their foreign policy agendas.But while this crisis simmers, the larger problem of Sudan's survival as a state is becoming increasingly urgent. Trends more ominous than even the carnage in Darfur could bring the country far more bloodshed soon. Long-standing tensions between the Arabs who populate the Nile River valley and have held power for a century and marginalized groups on the country's periphery are mutating into a national crisis once again. The tenuous 2005 peace deal that ended the civil war between the Arabs in the north and the Christians and the animists in the south is in danger; new strains in these groups' relations nearly broke out into a full-scale war late last year. Now, neither this situation nor the conflict in Darfur can be resolved without reference to the other. More crises loom as well. The Nubian people of the Nile River valley nearly rebelled last year over a dam project that threatened to destroy their homeland, and a 2006 peace agreement between the government and the Beja and Rashaida peoples in eastern Sudan is near breakdown. The year ahead may be the most important in Sudan's postcolonial history: either the country holds free and fair multiparty elections and ends two decades of autocratic rule or it disintegrates, plunging this volatile region into its most severe crisis yet.
The Bush administration can still help avert such a disaster. It played a central role in initiating the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the deal that ended the civil war between the north and the south in 2005, facilitating negotiations between the parties, and then acting as one of agreement's guarantors. When President George W. Bush appointed me to be the special envoy to Sudan in October 2006, he tasked me with monitoring the deal's implementation. The U.S. government also initiated the international aid response to the humanitarian crisis in Darfur and now provides 60 percent of the funds needed to run the refugee and displaced camps there. But Washington's efforts today are misaligned with Sudan's most pressing problems. Washington spends a disproportionate amount of its staffing and budgetary resources on resolving the crisis in Darfur rather than on supporting the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. This imbalance must be redressed urgently, because peace cannot be achieved in Darfur if it is not secured between the north and the south. The best way for Washington to proceed, moreover, is not by confronting Khartoum but by engaging it, even in the face of likely objections from the Darfur advocacy community. However much one may despise Sudan's regime for committing atrocities, moral outrage is no substitute for practical policies aimed at saving lives and promoting stability.
THE GATES OF HELL
Although southern Sudan is extraordinarily rich in oil and mineral wealth and has great agricultural potential, it has been one of the world's least-developed regions. Partly as a result of this and partly as a result of marginalization by the central government in Khartoum, the Christian and animist tribes of southern Sudan have been rebelling against the Arabs that populate the valley of the northern Nile, an area known as the Arab triangle, for much of the time since Sudan's independence from the United Kingdom in 1956. The parties reached a peace agreement in 1972, but with enforcement lagging for years, a new rebellion, led by John Garang, a charismatic southerner and lieutenant colonel in the Sudanese army with a Ph.D. from Iowa State University, broke out in 1983. During the two decades that followed, the north suffered few losses, but an estimated 2.5 million southerners died and an estimated 4.6 million southerners were displaced or became refugees.
By early 2003, with both parties exhausted by the fighting, peace talks between the National Congress Party (NCP) in Khartoum and Garang's Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) started to show signs of progress. But just then a rebellion led by an alliance of three African tribes -- the Fur, the Masalit, and the Zaghawa -- broke out in Darfur. Desertification and overpopulation in the region had led camel-herding Arab nomads to compete with African farmers for declining arable land, with Khartoum's repression and its attempts to weaken the dominant Fur tribe complicating matters further. In 2003, Garang encouraged the rebels in Darfur to pressure the government by demanding a power-sharing agreement like the one he was negotiating for the south. To get the NCP's attention, they launched devastating attacks on military outposts, airports, and police stations in Darfur. But the strategy backfired: fearing that rebels elsewhere would imitate those in Darfur, the NCP conducted an ethnic-cleansing campaign in rebel villages throughout the region. As the Africa expert Alex de Waal has written, the atrocities committed in Darfur in 2003 and 2004 were "a counter-insurgency strategy on the cheap."
Meanwhile, Khartoum continued to negotiate with Garang. The south was already too strong militarily, its oil fields too lucrative, and the costs of the war too draining on the north for Khartoum to walk away from the talks. In January 2005, after mediation by a U.S.-led coalition of African and Western states, the parties signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. The deal set up a confederal system, creating in Khartoum the Government of National Unity, a coalition government dominated by the NCP and including participation by the SPLM, and in Juba the semiautonomous Government of Southern Sudan, which the SPLM controls. It stipulated that the southern government should get half of all the revenues derived from oil pumped in the south. It also required that general multiparty elections be held by 2009 and that by 2011 the southerners conduct a referendum to determine whether they should secede from the rest of the country.
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement has been a partial success. The two new governments have been formed. Some $3 billion in oil revenues have been transferred to the south's treasury. The south's economy is beginning to boom. Most important, the war is over, and millions of displaced people are beginning to return home. But as many southerners point out, the more transformational elements of the agreement, which threaten the NCP's hold on power, have yet to be implemented. In fact, the parties nearly returned to war last fall for just that reason. In March of last year, Khartoum temporarily suspended the oil-revenue payments on which the southern government relies to fund its army and civil service. Last June, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir canceled orders to withdraw northern-army field commanders still based in the south, even though the peace deal required their full removal by early July 2007. (As of January 2008, northern troops had left the south.) Khartoum then rejected the south's generous proposals for resolving the status of Abyei, a disputed oil-rich area and the ancestral seat of the south's most powerful tribe. The NCP was also stalling on drafting a new election law and carrying out a census, two measures that are prerequisites for the general elections scheduled for 2009. In response, in particular to the Abyei dispute, Salva Kiir Mayardit, president of the Government of Southern Sudan and the south's leader since Garang's death in mid-2005, withdrew his party from the Government of National Unity last September.
By October, the crisis verged on military confrontation, thanks partly to hard-liners in both camps who held exaggerated views of their own military power and underestimated the other side's strength. Large units from both armies massed at disputed border areas. Three skirmishes occurred, including one that killed ten soldiers. President Bashir announced the remobilization of the Arab militia that had massacred thousands of southerners in the 1980s. In the end, Bashir and Kiir pulled back from war, and after eight contentious issues were resolved on paper, Kiir and other southern leaders rejoined the central government at the end of 2007. But the most controversial matter -- the dispute over Abyei -- remains, and command and control in both armies is tenuous at best. Thus, the potential for a local commander to initiate hostilities, which could quickly degenerate into general war, is still dangerously high
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| العنوان |
الكاتب |
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| بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل !!! | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 12:20 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | hamam | 06-03-08, 12:30 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 12:50 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 01:01 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 01:07 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 01:11 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 01:13 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | محمد حامد جمعه | 06-03-08, 01:20 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 01:20 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | Tragie Mustafa | 06-03-08, 01:28 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 02:23 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | محمد حامد جمعه | 06-03-08, 02:29 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 02:35 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | كمال علي الزين | 06-03-08, 02:35 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | محمد حامد جمعه | 06-03-08, 02:40 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 02:56 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 02:43 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | كمال علي الزين | 06-03-08, 02:54 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 02:58 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | كمال علي الزين | 06-03-08, 05:06 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | nazar hussien | 06-03-08, 03:09 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | العوض المسلمي | 06-03-08, 03:10 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | العوض المسلمي | 06-03-08, 03:07 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | nazar hussien | 06-03-08, 03:14 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 03:43 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | محمد حامد جمعه | 06-03-08, 03:45 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 03:53 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | محمد حامد جمعه | 06-03-08, 03:58 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | محمد الطيب محمد | 06-03-08, 04:01 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-03-08, 04:07 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | كمال علي الزين | 06-03-08, 04:56 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | abdu abdalla | 06-03-08, 05:09 PM |
 Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | ahmed haneen | 06-04-08, 06:36 AM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | عمران حسن صالح | 06-04-08, 06:53 AM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | hamam | 06-04-08, 08:51 AM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-04-08, 08:58 AM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | محمد حسن العمدة | 06-04-08, 09:33 AM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | عبود عبد الرحيم | 06-04-08, 10:44 AM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-04-08, 10:57 AM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | عبود عبد الرحيم | 06-04-08, 11:04 AM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-04-08, 11:07 AM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | عبود عبد الرحيم | 06-04-08, 11:17 AM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | عمر التاج | 06-04-08, 02:14 PM |
| Re: بالفعل حاجة غريبة ..يختفي د. خليل يظهر محمد حامد جمعة ..يختفي محمد حامد جمعة يظهر د.خليل | SARA ISSA | 06-04-08, 02:55 PM |
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