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 Re: حق التصويت للافروأميريكان سوف ينتهي عام2007 (Re: Ridhaa)
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شكرا أخ رضا علي هذا الموضوع المثير..
حقيقة أن حق الاقتراع والتصويت والاقتراع كفله الدستور
الامريكي قبل عام 1965 بعشرات السنين ..الا أن بعض
ولايات الجنوبكانت ترفض وتعرقل ذلك تحت حجج مختلفة مثل الامية
أو خلافه سنت بعض هذه الولايات قوانين ولائية تربط حق التصويت
بالتعليم او محو الامية الامر الذي كان يعني عمليا حرمان قطاع كبير من حق التصويت مما أدي لصدور القرار عام 1965 أيام حركة
الحقوق المدنية -- لازالة هذه العوائق ... عموما سوف سأساهم بأنزال بعض
المواضيع ذات الصلة هنا هذا أولها
United States Department of Justice
Civil Rights Division
Voting Section
Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws
Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws
Before the Voting Rights Act
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Effect of the Voting Rights Act
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
The 1965 Enactment
By 1965 concerted efforts to break the grip of state disfranchisement had been under way for some time, but had achieved only modest success overall and in some areas had proved almost entirely ineffectual. The murder of voting-rights activists in Philadelphia, Mississippi, gained national attention, along with numerous other acts of violence and terrorism. Finally, the unprovoked attack on March 7, 1965, by state troopers on peaceful marchers crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, en route to the state capitol in Montgomery, persuaded the President and Congress to overcome Southern legislators' resistance to effective voting rights legislation. President Johnson issued a call for a strong voting rights law and hearings began soon thereafter on the bill that would become the Voting Rights Act.
Congress determined that the existing federal anti- discrimination laws were not sufficient to overcome the resistance by state officials to enforcement of the 15th Amendment. The legislative hearings showed that efforts by the Department of Justice to have discriminatory election practices eliminated by litigation on a case-by-case basis had been unsuccessful in opening up the registration process; as soon as one discriminatory practice or procedure was proven to be unconstitutional and enjoined, a new one would be substituted in its place and litigation would have to commence anew.
The resulting legislation, which President Johnson signed into law on August 6, 1965, temporarily suspended literacy tests, and provided for the appointment of federal examiners (with the power to register qualified citizens to vote), in those jurisdiction that were "covered" according to a formula provided in the statute. In addition, under Section 5 of the Act covered jurisdictions were required to obtain "preclearance" for new voting practices and procedures from either the District Court for the District of Columbia or the United States Attorney General. Section 2 of the Act, which closely followed the language of the 15th Amendment, applied a nationwide prohibition of denial or abridgment of the right to vote on account of race or color.
The Voting Rights Act had not included a provision prohibiting poll taxes, but had directed the Attorney General to challenge its use. In Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663 (1966), the Supreme Court held Virginia's poll tax to be unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment. Between 1965 and 1969 the Supreme Court also issued several key decisions upholding the constitutionality of Section 5 and affirming the broad range of voting practices for which preclearance was required. As the Supreme Court put it in its 1966 decision upholding the constitutionality of the Act:
Congress had found that case-by-case litigation was inadequate to combat wide-spread and persistent discrimination in voting, because of the inordinate amount of time and energy required to overcome the obstructionist tactics invariably encountered in these lawsuits. After enduring nearly a century of systematic resistance to the Fifteenth Amendment, Congress might well decide to shift the advantage of time and inertia from the perpetrators of the evil to its victims.
South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S. 301, 327-28 (1966). See also Allen v. State Board of Elections, 393 U.S. 544 (1969) (recognizing that gerrymandered district boundaries or at-large elections could be used to dilute minority voting strength).
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The 1970 and 1975 Amendments
Congress extended Section 5 for five years in 1970 and for seven years in 1975. With these extensions Congress validated the Supreme Court's broad interpretation of the scope of Section 5 preclearance. During the hearings on these extensions Congress heard extensive testimony concerning the ways in which voting electorates were manipulated through gerrymandering, annexations, adoption of at-large elections and other structural changes to prevent newly-registered black voters from effectively using the ballot. Congress also heard extensive testimony about voting discrimination that had been suffered by Hispanic, Asian and Native American citizens, and the 1975 amendments added protections from voting discrimination for minority-language citizens.
In 1973, the Supreme Court held certain legislative multi- member districts unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment on the ground that they systematically diluted the voting strength of minority citizens in Bexar County, Texas. This decision in White v. Regester, 412 U.S. 755 (1973), strongly shaped litigation through the 1970's against at-large systems and gerrymandered redistricting plans. In Mobile v. Bolden, 446 U.S. 55 (1980), however, the Supreme Court required that any constitutional claim of minority vote dilution must include proof of a racially discriminatory purpose, a requirement that was widely seen as making such claims far more difficult to prove.
Back to top أنتهي
كمال عباس
(عدل بواسطة kamalabas on 04-07-2004, 02:56 AM)
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Re: حق التصويت للافروأميريكان سوف ينتهي عام2007 (Re: Ridhaa)
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وهذ ا مقال او بالاحري رسالة قلقة حول انتهاء حق التصويت وبعدها سنجد ردا قانونيا يضحد ما جاء في الرسالة
وامثالها -- hoax made headlines today as the media got wind of the reaction among black Americans to a widely-forwarded email message claiming that their voting rights will vanish in the year 2007. Similar rumors have circulated since the mid-1990s.
The message currently raising concerns reads as follows:
PLEASE PASS THIS ON TO AS MANY PEOPLE AS YOU CAN!!!!
We are quickly approaching the 21st Century and I was wondering if anyone out there knew what the significance of the year 2007 is to Black America? Did you know that our right to vote will expire in the year 2007? Seriously! The Voters Rights Act signed in 1965 by Lyndon B. Johnson was just an ACT.
It was not made a law. In 1982 Ronald Reagan amended the Voters Rights Act for only another 25 years. Which means that in the year 2007 we could lose the right to vote!
Does anyone realize that Blacks/African Americans are the only group of people who still require PERMISSION under the United States Constitution to vote?!
In the year 2007 Congress will once again convene to decide whether or not Blacks should retain the right to vote (crazy, but true). In order for this to be passed, 38 states will have to approve an extension.
In my opinion and many others, this is ludicrous! Not only should the extension be approved, but ... this Act must be made a law. Our right to vote should no longer be up for discussion, review and/or evaluation.
We must contact our Congress persons, Senators, Alderpersons, etc., to put a stop to this! As bona fide citizens of the United States, we cannot "drop the ball" on this one!
We have come too far to let government make us take such a huge step backward. So please, let us push forward to continue to build the momentum towards gaining equality. Please pass this onto others, as I am sure that many more individuals are not aware of this.
[ FULL TEXT ]
The kernel of truth in the above is that the Voting Rights Act of 1965 is indeed set to expire unless it is renewed by Congress before 2007. The rest is false. The basic right of all Americans to vote, regardless of race, is guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and can't expire with the Voting Rights Act.
The NAACP addressed this issue in a statement published in the November 19, 1998 issue of the Internet Tourbus:
African American voting rights were granted by the Fifteenth Amendment, which was passed immediately after the Civil War. Expiration of the Voting Rights Act will not terminate the rights granted under the Fifteenth Amendment.
The U.S. Department of Justice concurs. In its "Voting Rights Act Clarification" dated April 2, 1998, it states:
The basic prohibition against discrimination in voting contained in the Fifteenth amendment and in the Voting Rights Act does not expire in 2007 — it does not expire at all; it is permanent.
The confusion arises from the apparent assumption that it's the Voting Rights Act alone which guarantees suffrage to minorities. In reality, all the Act does is keep in place a set of so-called "extraordinary remedies" meant to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment at state and local levels, where, in defiance of federal law, obstacles to the voting rights of black people were still in place in some parts of the country as of the early 1960s. These remedies, designed specifically to address problems that existed at the time, were never meant to be permanent, which is why the Voting Rights Act comes up for renewal every 25 years.
It's difficult to determine exactly where and when the rumor that African American's voting rights will disappear in 2007 got started, though Internet discussions of the topic in 1997 made reference to the issue being raised on Tom Joyner's radio talk show. One Usenet posting dated January 21, 1997 is clearly a precursor of the text now raising hackles in black communities across the United States.
"I'd say we have gotten hundreds of calls on this over the past two years," South Carolina Representative James Clyburn of told reporters this week. "It's frustrating dealing with this hoax."
And I thought I was the only one who had days like that.
(عدل بواسطة kamalabas on 04-07-2004, 03:03 AM)
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Re: حق التصويت للافروأميريكان سوف ينتهي عام2007 (Re: Ridhaa)
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وهنا ردود بعض القادة السود علي مسألة أنتهاء
حق التصويت للسود عام2007 وكيف ضحد أولائك القادة
هذه الاشاعة.. يثبتون من خلاله علي أن حق الاقتراع حق دستوري لا ينتهي عام 2007Internet rumor keeps surfacing to dismay of black leaders
By Paul Shepard
Associated Press Writer
WASHINGTON (AP) -- The headline reads: ''URGENT! URGENT! URGENT!'' in thick black type. And the opening lines of the Internet message are designed to shock.
''I was wondering if anyone out there knew what the significance of the year 2007 is to black America?'' it asks. ''Did you know our right to vote will expire in the year 2007? Seriously.''
The unsigned but widely circulated Internet letter is as inaccurate as it is sensational, voting rights experts say.
But what is distressing to many black leaders is that so many black people would give even a second thought to its claim that their voting rights will expire in 2007, when certain provisions of the Voting Rights Act run out unless renewed by Congress.
''It's amazing we even have to discuss this,'' said Washington political analyst David Bositis with a heavy sigh. ''To think that somehow black voters will lose the franchise is pretty preposterous.''
Even so, the rumor is being tossed around on talk radio and making the rounds in cyber-chatrooms.
''I'd say we have gotten hundreds of calls on this over the past two years,'' said Democratic Rep. James Clyburn of South Carolina, incoming chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus. ''It's frustrating dealing with this hoax.''
''It could be someone who is genuinely confused about the process, but it might be a vicious attempt at diverting African-Amercians from the important work that needs to be done in the election in 2000,'' Clyburn said.
He worries about what acceptance of the rumor says about the mind-set of black Americans.
''I think this tells us how precarious African-Americans feel in their status in this society,'' Clyburn said. ''We had people near our campaign who were talking about this and we had to pull them to the side and say, 'Stop spreading this story.'''
Bositis said the rumor's persistence could be rooted in the history of black voting in America.
The 15th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1870, guaranteed suffrage for blacks, but some states devised ways to keep blacks from actually voting for close to a century.
''Intimidation was the most common weapon, but states also used grandfather clauses and literacy tests to keep blacks from voting,'' Bositis said. ''When they didn't want you to vote, you could have been a Harvard professor and still not passed their literacy tests.''
The rumor's durability has caused the Justice Department to take the unusual step of acknowledging the message to assert its fallacy. The department's Web site includes a statement debunking the Voting Rights Act expiration tale.
''The rumor is false,'' it reads. ''The voting rights of African Americans are guaranteed by the United States Constitution and the Voting Rights Act, and those guarantees are permanent and do not expire.''
The Congressional Black Caucus held its own news conference this summer to denounce the rumor. But because his office is still getting calls, Clyburn said he wants the caucus to create its own Internet site to rebut the rumor.
''When people click on the rumor, I would like for them to be supplied with our information at the same time,'' Clyburn said. ''Sometimes you have to fight fire with fire.''
Congress has no plans to repeal the 1965 Voting Rights Act, which does have a special provisions section that is up for renewal in eight years. That section of the act includes a requirement that Southern states get federal approval before making any changes in state voting laws.
''The question for 2007 is whether federal oversight is needed for Southern states in elections -- not if people can or can't vote,'' said Bositis, senior politics analyst for the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, a Washington think tank.
He said one lesson to be drawn from the whole affair is for people to closely watch where they get their information.
''The Web has good useful information but it also has a lot of garbage,'' he said. ''It's developing a fairly notorious reputation for spreading bad information and this fits that category.''
------
The Justice Department statement can be viewed at www.usdoj.gov/crt/voting/clarify3.htm
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Re: حق التصويت للافروأميريكان سوف ينتهي عام2007 (Re: Ridhaa)
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ها هنا التعديل الدستوري رقم 15 في الولايات المتحدة
Amendment XV
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
تم هذا التعديل عام 1870
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Re: حق التصويت للافروأميريكان سوف ينتهي عام2007 (Re: Ridhaa)
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الاخ رضا
تحياتي
أرجو أن تجد وقتا لقراءة الوثائق التي أوردتها في
عليه خصوصا تلك التي ينفي فيها قادة وقانوني السود
حكاية أنتهاء حق التصويت في 2007 عموما دعني ألخص
ما تفصله تلك الوثائق ـ
ـ أولا أن حق الاقتراع والتصويت حق كفله الدستور
لكل المواطنيين منذ التعديل 15 عام 1870
ـ ثانيا ظلت بعض ولايات الجنوب تعرقل العمل بالدستور
مستندة علي قوانين محلية تربط التصويت بمحو الامية
لعرقلة مشاركة السود لأنهم أقل تعليما ومن هنا
جاء قرار 1965 الذي سد تلك الثغرات والزرائع..
ثالثا حق الاقتراع كما قلنا حق دستوري ولايحتاج
لهذه التجديدات في قرار 1965 والذي هو في النهاية act
لايرقي لقوة الدستور
ـ قد أنتشرت شائعة عدم أهلية السود للتصويت ما
لم يجدد ال act عبر الانترنت وقد ضحدها مشرعون وقانونيون
وقادة من السود وقالوا أن هذه الشائعة ليس لها
سند دستوري
ـ أما في الواقع المعاش فأن السؤال عن لون البشرة
أو الخلفية العرقية سؤال أختياري يمكن ترفض الاجابة
عليه ولايمكن أحد أن يحرمك من ممارسة حق دستوري لأنه
يري هوأنك أسودا
عموما أرجوا أن تقراء تلك الوثائق بتمعن وسوف تصل
لخلاصة توضح الصورة متكاملة
ولك شكري
كمال عباس
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Re: حق التصويت للافروأميريكان سوف ينتهي عام2007 (Re: Ridhaa)
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Fifteenth Amendment, which was passed immediately after the Civil War. Expiration of the Voting Rights Act will not terminate the rights granted under the Fifteenth Amendment.
The U.S. Department of Justice concurs. In its "Voting Rights Act Clarification" dated April 2, 1998, it states:
The basic prohibition against discrimination in voting contained in the Fifteenth amendment and in the Voting Rights Act does not expire in 2007 — it does not expire at all; it is permanent
أعلاه توضيح من وزارة العدل تعلن فيه أن حق الاقتراع
والتصويت حق دائم وليس مؤقت ـ التوضيح صدر 1998
كمال
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Re: حق التصويت للافروأميريكان سوف ينتهي عام2007 (Re: Ridhaa)
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
Excerpts
Note: For simplicity's sake most paragraph numbers, etc., have been omitted.
An Act to enforce the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act shall be known as the "Voting Rights Act of 1965".
Sec. 2. No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.
If in a proceeding instituted by the Attorney General under any statute to enforce the guarantees of the fifteenth amendment in any State or political subdivision the court finds that a test or device has been used for the purpose or with the effect of denying or abridging the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color, it shall suspend the use of tests and devices in such State or political subdivisions as the court shall determine is appropriate and for such period as it deems necessary.
If in any proceeding instituted by the Attorney General under any statute to enforce the guarantees of the fifteenth amendment in any State or political subdivision the court finds that violations of the fifteenth amendment justifying equitable relief have occurred within the territory of such State or political subdivision, the court, in addition to such relief as it may grant, shall retain jurisdiction for such period as it may deem appropriate and during such period no voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect at the time the proceeding was commenced shall be enforced unless and until the court finds that such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure does not have the purpose and will not have the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color: …
Sec. 4. To assure that the right of citizens of the United States to vote is not denied or abridged on account of race or color, no citizen shall be denied the right to vote in any Federal, State, or local election because of his failure to comply with any test or device in any State with respect to which the determinations have been made under subsection (b) or in any political subdivision with respect to which such determinations have been made as a separate unit, unless the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in an action for a declaratory judgment brought by such State or subdivision against the United States has determined that no such test or device has been used during the five years preceding the filing of the action for the purpose or with the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color:
Congress hereby declares that to secure the rights under the fourteenth amendment of persons educated in American-flag schools in which the predominant classroom language was other than English, it is necessary to prohibit the States from conditioning the right to vote of such persons on ability to read, write, understand, or interpret any matter in the English language.
No person who demonstrates that he has successfully completed the sixth primary grade in a public school in, or a private school accredited by, any State or territory, the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in which the predominant classroom language was other than English, shall be denied the right to vote in any Federal, State, or local election because of his inability to read, write, understand, or interpret any matter in the English language, except that in States in which State law provides that a different level of education is presumptive of literacy, he shall demonstrate that he has successfully completed an equivalent level of education in a public school in, or a private school accredited by, any State or territory, the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in which the predominant classroom language was other than English.
Sec. 7. The examiners for each political subdivision shall, at such places as the Civil Service Commission shall by regulation designate, examine applicants concerning their qualifications for voting. An application to an examiner shall be in such form as the Commission may require and shall contain allegations that the applicant is not otherwise registered to vote.
Any person whom the examiner finds, in accordance with instructions received under section 9(b), to have the qualifications prescribed by State law not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States shall promptly be placed on a list of eligible voters. … The examiner shall certify and transmit such list, and any supplements as appropriate, at least once a month, to the offices of the appropriate election officials, with copies to the Attorney General and the attorney general of the State, and any such lists and supplements thereto transmitted during the month shall be available for public inspection on the last business day of the month and in any event not later than the forty-fifth day prior to any election. The appropriate State or local election official shall place such names on the official voting list. Any person whose name appears on the examiner's list shall be entitled and allowed to vote in the election district of his residence unless and until the appropriate election officials shall have been notified that such person has been removed from such list …
Sec. 8. Whenever an examiner is serving under this Act in any political subdivision, the Civil Service Commission may assign, at the request of the Attorney General, one or more persons, who may be officers of the United States, (1) to enter and attend at any place for holding an election in such subdivision for the purpose of observing whether persons who are entitled to vote are being permitted to vote, and (2) to enter and attend at any place for tabulating the votes cast at any election held in such subdivision for the purpose of observing whether votes cast by persons entitled to vote are being properly tabulated. Such persons so assigned shall report to an examiner appointed for such political subdivision, to the Attorney General, and if the appointment of examiners has been authorized pursuant to section 3(a), to the court.
Upon the request of the applicant or the challenger or on its own motion the Civil Service Commission shall have the power to require by subpena the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of documentary evidence relating to any matter pending before it under the authority of this section. In case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpena, any district court of the United States or the United States court of any territory or possession, or the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia, within the jurisdiction of which said person guilty of contumacy or refusal to obey is found or resides or is domiciled or transacts business, or has appointed an agent for receipt of service of process, upon application by the Attorney General of the United States shall have jurisdiction to issue to such person an order requiring such person to appear before the Commission or a hearing officer, there to produce pertinent, relevant, and nonprivileged documentary evidence if so ordered, or there to give testimony touching the matter under investigation; and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by said court as a contempt thereof.
Sec. 10. (a) The Congress finds that the requirement of the payment of a poll tax as a precondition to voting precludes persons of limited means from voting or imposes unreasonable financial hardship upon such persons as a precondition to their exercise of the franchise, (ii) does not bear a reasonable relationship to any legitimate State interest in the conduct of elections, and (iii) in some areas has the purpose or effect of denying persons the right to vote because of race or color. Upon the basis of these findings, Congress declares that the constitutional right of citizens to vote is denied or abridged in some areas by the requirement of the payment of a poll tax as a precondition to voting.
Sec. 11. No person acting under color of law shall fail or refuse to permit any person to vote who is entitled to vote under any provision of this Act or is otherwise qualified to vote, or willfully fail or refuse to tabulate, count, and report such person's vote.
No person, whether acting under color of law or otherwise, shall intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person for voting or attempting to vote, or intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person for urging or aiding any person to vote or attempt to vote, or intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person for exercising any powers or duties under section 3(a), 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12(e).
Whoever knowingly or willfully gives false information as to his name, address, or period of residence in the voting district for the purpose of establishing his eligibility to register or vote, or conspires with another individual for the purpose of encouraging his false registration to vote or illegal voting, or pays or offers to pay or accepts payment either for registration to vote or for voting shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both: Provided, however, That this provision shall be applicable only to general, special, or primary elections held solely or in part for the purpose of selecting or electing any candidate for the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the United States Senate, Member of the United States House of Representatives, or Delegates or Commissioners from the territories or possessions, or Resident Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
Whoever, in any matter within the jurisdiction of an examiner or hearing officer knowingly and willfully falsifies or conceals a material fact, or makes any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statements or representations, or makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement entry, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
Sec. 12. Whoever shall deprive or attempt to deprive any person of any right secured [above] or shall violate section 11(a) or (b), shall be fined not more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
(b) Whoever, within a year following an election in a political subdivision in which an examiner has been appointed (1) destroys, defaces, mutilates, or otherwise alters the marking of a paper ballot which has been cast in such election, or (2) alters any official record of voting in such election tabulated from a voting machine or otherwise, shall be fined not more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
… The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section and shall exercise the same without regard to whether a person asserting rights under the provisions of this Act shall have exhausted any administrative or other remedies that may be provided by law.
Sec. 13. Listing procedures shall be terminated in any political subdivision of any State (a) with respect to examiners appointed pursuant to clause (b) of section 6 whenever the Attorney General notifies the Civil Service Commission, or whenever the District Court for the District of Columbia determines in an action for declaratory judgment brought by any political subdivision with respect to which the Director of the Census has determined that more than 50 per centum of the nonwhite persons of voting age residing therein are registered to vote, (1) that all persons listed by an examiner for such subdivision have been placed on the appropriate voting registration roll, and (2) that there is no longer reasonable cause to believe that persons will be deprived of or denied the right to vote on account of race or color in such subdivision, and (b), with respect to examiners appointed pursuant to section 3(a), upon order of the authorizing court. A political subdivision may petition the Attorney General for the termination of listing procedures under clause (a) of this section, and may petition the Attorney General to request the Director of the Census to take such survey or census as may be appropriate for the making of the determination provided for in this section. The District Court for the District of Columbia shall have jurisdiction to require such survey or census to be made by the Director of the Census and it shall require him to do so if it deems the Attorney General's refusal to request such survey or census to be arbitrary or unreasonable.
Sec. 16. The Attorney General and the Secretary of Defense, jointly, shall make a full and complete study to determine whether, under the laws or practices of any State or States, there are preconditions to voting, which might tend to result in discrimination against citizens serving in the Armed Forces of the United States seeking to vote. Such officials shall, jointly, make a report to the Congress not later than June 30, 1966, containing the results of such study, together with a list of any States in which such preconditions exist, and shall include in such report such recommendations for legislation as they deem advisable to prevent discrimination in voting against citizens serving in the Armed Forces of the United States.
Sec. 17. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to deny, impair, or otherwise adversely affect the right to vote of any person registered to vote under the law of any State or political subdivision.
(عدل بواسطة kamalabas on 04-07-2004, 03:23 AM)
(عدل بواسطة kamalabas on 04-07-2004, 03:24 AM)
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Re: حق التصويت للافروأميريكان سوف ينتهي عام2007 (Re: kamalabas)
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يا رضا سلام
أنا طبعآ زياراتى للبورد بقت ذى المطر فى الشمالية، مرتين تلاتة فى السنة كُلها، و لكنى جيت الليلة و قريت موضوعك ده و طبعآ إستغربت جدآ، و الحقيقة إفتكرتها نكتة و لكنى بمتابعة الردود و نِقاش الأخوان معاك إتأكدت إنو بصراحة كده فى ناس عايشين فى أمريكا دى و مسطحين تسطيحة لا يُحسدوا عليها، يعنى بلغتنا فى السودان بنسميهم فلوترز، يا أخونا رضا حاول التأكد من مواضيعك و بحثها قبل نشرها لأنو كلامك ده كلو هوكس كما وضح لك أحد الأخوان هنا، السود الذين يحملون الجنسية الأمريكية لهم حق الإقتراع إلا ما لا نهاية أو إلا ما أراد الله نهاية أمريكا مثلهم مثل أى حامل الجنسية الأمريكية من أى بلد و لهم حق الترشح لرئاسة البلد ما دام حامل الجنسية مولود فى أمريكا
و لربما يفيدك هذا اللنك المزيد من المعلومات عن هذا الهوكس
http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/weekly/aa120298.htm
و السلام
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Re: حق التصويت للافروأميريكان سوف ينتهي عام2007 (Re: Unabomber)
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The Illusion Of The Black Vote
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11-18-00
By Amadi Ajamu
The recent US presidential election has made it abundantly clear that Dred Scott's inheritance will be passed on from generation to generation. Black folks still have no rights that white folks are bound to respect. The Black voter turnout for this election was tremendous. In Florida, Blacks accounted for 16% of voters in the election and about 93% voted for Gore said David Bositis a researcher at the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies. Facing this substantial Black voting block, George W. Bush and his Klan made sure the fix was in.
Under the auspices of Florida Governor / George W.'s baby brother, Jeb Bush, the polling sites in Florida became ground zero in the republican party's struggle for the presidency. The NAACP reported several election irregularities such as roadblocks set up within a few hundred yards of voting places in predominantly Black communities in Volusia County, where police asked Black males to get out of their cars and show identification; ballot boxes full of votes left behind in at least four predominantly Black Miami area schools-turned- polling-places; and Sheriff's deputies checking voter ID's said the race indicated on the card did not match the race of the person. Florida's election debacle actually revealed the true nature of the political dirty tricks directed toward the disenfranchisement of Black voters that has gone on for many years.
Yet, amid these gangster-like intimidation tactics, 2 recounts, and 19,000 "thrown out" Gore votes, George W. Bush is conducting himself as if he is the President of the United States and has arrogantly begun to select his cabinet. The smoke and mirrors arena of American democracy and electoral politics has been exposed once again. And Black people have been taken for a ride once again.
African people in the United States must come to terms with this historic and systemic reality. Our vote has been compromised on many levels through the years. The fundamental level being the Reconstruction era Fifteenth Amendment to the US Constitution which "guaranteed" the ex-slaves the "right" to vote. Many states sidestepped this amendment, the most notorious states used discriminatory voting criteria such as "grandfather" clauses, literacy tests and poll taxes in an effort to prohibit Black people from voting.
During the Black civil rights mass movement of the 1960's, the remedy to this racist practice came in the form of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The act was supposed to ensure Black people access to the voting booth, which had been systematically denied to us. It focused on regulating specific electoral procedures and practices in order to constitute "equal protection". The length to which this act has been maligned is phenomenal. Obstacles to the ballot range from the direct street thuggery we witnessed in Florida to the systematic legislative redrawing of congressional districts in Black neighborhoods which has effectively diluted our voting strength and diminished our prospects for effective representation.
As we enter the new millennium we must become more sophisticated in our analysis of the political, economic, and social system in the United States and its relationship to African people. The NAACP has predictably called for a federal investigation into the corruption in Florida. Again they have not come to terms with the true nature of the US government. Our vision can no longer be limited to the prescriptions of those who have relentlessly oppressed us - democrat and republican, state and federal.
Time and again the Black political voice in the United States has been violently stifled. The weapons of silence vary. Mis-education, poverty, prisons and drugs are all used to keep us politically and economically ignorant subjugated and dependent. We must begin to question the legitimacy of a ruthless system that undermines our development at every turn. We must dare ourselves to be self determining. Capable of establishing an independent domestic and foreign policy, strong and creative enough to build our own communities rooted in the love and respect of our people and our culture. More people must become involved in the day-to-day struggle for our human rights. It is time for a new kind of leadership and a new direction for our people.
Editor's note: The views expressed in this commentary are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of The Black World Today.
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Ridhaa
فرح
ABU QUSAI
قلقو
mustafa mudathir
kamalabas
فيس بوك
تويتر
انستقرام
يوتيوب
بنتيريست