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 Re: السودان لم ينجح احد بمقياس الحريه الاقتصاديه وجاذبية الاستثمار بسبب فساد نظام الانقاذ!!!! (Re: wesamm)
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SUDAN
Rank: Suspended
Score: n/a
Category: n/a
The political situation in Sudan, Africa’s largest country, is complex. After a 1989 military
coup, President Omar Hassan al-Bashir and his inner circle of National Congress Party
advisers ruled under a declared state of emergency, with parliament disbanded, parts of
the constitution suspended, and civil liberties restricted. On July 9, 2005, pursuant to a January
2005 peace agreement that ended the decades-long civil war between the Arab Islamist
government in Khartoum and the Christian African Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement/
Army that had cost millions of lives, a government of national unity was established under an
interim constitution. Under the January agreement, which included compromises on political
representation, self-determination, and distribution of oil resources, John Garang, leader of
the main southern rebel group, was named vice president. Garang died in a helicopter crash
only three weeks after assuming office, but his deputy, Salva Kiir, appears to have no difficulty
succeeding him. In the western Darfur region, the government continues to support
Arab Muslim militia groups, known as jinjaweed, who are committing genocide against black
African Muslims. Estimates indicate that the conflict has resulted in up to 300,000 deaths and
has affected 2.5 million persons, including approximately 2 million internally displaced persons
in Darfur and refugees in neighboring Chad. Sudan’s economy is hindered by instability,
conflict-damaged infrastructure, economic mismanagement, and corruption. Oil reserves
provide a potential resource for development. Until significant oil production began in 1999,
the economy was predominantly agrarian, and most people remain engaged in that sector.
TRADE POLICY
Score: Not graded
According to the World Bank, Sudan’s weighted average tariff rate in 2002 (the most recent
year for which World Bank data are available) was 19.6 percent, up from the 4.4 percent for
1996 reported in the 2005 Index, based on World Bank data. Corruption pervades the customs
service.
FISCAL BURDEN OF GOVERNMENT
Score—Income Taxation: Not graded
Score—Corporate Taxation: Not graded
Score—Change in Government Expenditures: Not graded
Final Score: Not graded
Sudan’s top income tax rate is 20 percent. The top corporate tax rate is 35 percent. In 2003,
according to the International Monetary Fund, government expenditures as a share of GDP
increased 2.8 percentage points to 15.8 percent, compared to a 0.7 percentage point increase
reported last year.
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN THE ECONOMY
Score: Not graded
According to the African Development Bank, the government consumed 10.6 percent of
GDP in 2003. In the same year, based on data from the International Monetary Fund, Sudan
received 56.55 percent of its total revenues from state-owned enterprises and government
ownership of property in the oil sector.
SCORES
Trade Policy n/a
Fiscal Burden n/a
Government Intervention n/a
Monetary Policy n/a
Foreign Investment n/a
Banking and Finance n/a
Wages and Prices n/a
Property Rights n/a
Regulation n/a
Informal Market n/a
Population: 33,546,000
Total area: 2,505,810 sq. km
GDP: $14.5 billion
GDP growth rate: 6%
GDP per capita: $433
Major exports: crude oil,
cotton, sesame, livestock
Exports of goods and services:
$2.2 billion
Major export trading partners:
China 40.9%, Saudi Arabia
17.1%, United Arab Emirates
5.4%
Major imports: machinery
and equipment, manufactured
goods, petroleum,
transport equipment
Imports of goods and services:
$1.9 billion
Major import trading partners:
Saudi Arabia 16.3%,
China 14.2%, India 4.2%,
France 4.1%
Foreign direct investment
(net): $1.3 billion
2003 Data (in constant 2000 US dollars)
356 2006 Index of Economic Freedom
MONETARY POLICY
Score: Not graded
From 1995 to 2004, based on data from the International Monetary
Fund’s 2005 World Economic Outlook, Sudan’s weighted
average annual rate of inflation was 8.21 percent.
CAPITAL FLOWS AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT
Score: Not graded
Foreign investment in Sudan is restricted by cumbersome regulations,
political instability, and corruption. The government
is seeking foreign investment, especially in connection with
the privatization of state-owned enterprises. According to the
Economist Intelligence Unit, however, “The poor state of the
SOEs has discouraged potential private operators, who are not
only unwilling to take on the companies’ debts, but are also
aware of the substantial investment many of the firms require
after years of neglect. There has been substantial opposition
to the privatisation programme among Sudan’s influential
labour unions…. In addition, accusations of corruption have
dogged the privatisation programme, with government officials
alleged to have demanded payments, while those linked
to the senior ranks of the regime are reported to have bought
state assets at prices well below their true value.” Most of the
interest of foreign investment is directed toward the oil sector.
The International Monetary Fund reports that all residents
(except the government, public institutions, and public enterprises)
may hold foreign exchange accounts. Non-residents
may hold foreign exchange accounts only with government
approval. Controls apply to all transactions involving capital
market securities, money market instruments, credit operations,
and outward direct investment.
BANKING AND FINANCE
Score: Not graded
According to First Initiative, “Sudan’s financial sector is
small and under-developed after over two decades of civil
conflict. The majority of financial institutions that do exist…
adhere to Islamic financial principles. As of 2004, there were
25 commercial banks in Sudan, 16 of which are completely or
mostly privately owned, and seven state-owned commercial
banks. The sector also includes four specialized state-owned
banks, which provide funds to specific sectors of the economy,
and two investment banks. Some state-owned banks
are beginning to be privatized.” The Economist Intelligence
Unit reports that Sudan’s banking sector has been one of the
few that operate solely according to Islamic principles, which
prohibit the charging and payment of interest, and that “the
strength of Sudan’s monetary policy will be tested, as parallel
banking systems—one sharia-compliant, the other not—are
to be established as an outcome of the north–south peace
deal. Currently an effective banking system only operates
in the north, where the financial institutions are all shariacompliant.”
The EIU also reports that steps being taken to
improve the banking sector include increasing central bank
supervision and relaxing firm government control over the
allocation of credit.
WAGES AND PRICES
Score: Not graded
Although Sudan has liberalized some prices, price controls on
foodstuffs remain in effect, and many goods are subsidized.
According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, “Subsidy spending
has been high over the post-coup period, while support
to ailing state-owned enterprises…has also added to public
expenditure, although much has remained off budget.” In
addition, “The government has continued to subsidise a range
of basic goods and services, although the scope and depth of
the subsidy programme has eased in line with the economic
reform drive.” The Ministry of Labor enforces Sudan’s minimum
wage.
PROPERTY RIGHTS
Score: Not graded
There is little respect for private property in Sudan. “The
judiciary is not independent and is largely subservient to
the Government,” reports the U.S. Department of State. “The
authorities do not ensure due process, and the military forces
summarily tried and punished citizens. The Government
infringed on citizens’ privacy rights.”
REGULATION
Score: Not graded
Sudan’s regulatory burden is heavy and inefficient. Businesses
often find it difficult to obtain licenses to operate, and business
owners may be harassed by corrupt bureaucrats. One
example of the effect of Sudan’s burdensome regulations is the
agricultural sector, which accounts for more than 80 percent of
employment. The Economist Intelligence Unit cites corruption
as “endemic.”
Informal MARKET
Score: Not graded
Transparency International’s 2004 score for Sudan is 2.2.
Therefore, Sudan would have an informal market score of 4
this year if grading were not suspended.
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wesamm
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تويتر
انستقرام
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