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 The Polio Crusade"American Experience"
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Polio Crusade: American Experience
Visit the program's official website
Upcoming Broadcasts:
Episode #2102H Duration: 56:46 Stereo DVS TVPG
This program chronicles the decades-long crusade to eradicate polio, one of the 20th century's most dreaded diseases. The polio epidemic terrified Americans for many years, affecting thousands of children, leaving many crippled, paralyzed or condemned to life in an iron lung. Then on April 26, 1954, hope emerged. At the Franklin Sherman Elementary School in McLean, Virginia, six-year-old Randy Kerr stood at the head of a long line of children and waited patiently while a nurse gently rolled up his sleeve, then filled a syringe with a cherry-colored liquid containing the world's first polio vaccine.
Developed just a few years earlier by virologist Jonas Salk, the polio vaccine had not yet been widely tested on humans. No one was certain it was safe or whether it could provide effective protection against the disease. In the coming weeks, nearly two million school children in 44 states received the shots. The Salk vaccine trials were the dramatic culmination of years of research and a multi-million dollar investment, made up in large part by public donations. This film examines the largest public health experiment in American history and is based in part on David Oshinsky's Pulitzer Prize-winning book, Polio: An American Story.
Channels and Airdates:
KQED TV9/HD
Mon, Feb 2, 2009 -- 10:01 pm
Tue, Feb 3, 2009 -- 4:00 am
Episode #2102 Duration: 56:46 CC Stereo DVS TVPG
This program chronicles the decades-long crusade to eradicate polio, one of the 20th century's most dreaded diseases. The polio epidemic terrified Americans for many years, affecting thousands of children, leaving many crippled, paralyzed or condemned to life in an iron lung. Then on April 26, 1954, hope emerged. At the Franklin Sherman Elementary School in McLean, Virginia, six-year-old Randy Kerr stood at the head of a long line of children and waited patiently while a nurse gently rolled up his sleeve, then filled a syringe with a cherry-colored liquid containing the world's first polio vaccine.
Developed just a few years earlier by virologist Jonas Salk, the polio vaccine had not yet been widely tested on humans. No one was certain it was safe or whether it could provide effective protection against the disease. In the coming weeks, nearly two million school children in 44 states received the shots. The Salk vaccine trials were the dramatic culmination of years of research and a multi-million dollar investment, made up in large part by public donations. This film examines the largest public health experiment in American history and is based in part on David Oshinsky's Pulitzer Prize-winning book, Polio: An American Story.
http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/index.jsp?pgmid=18040
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Re: The Polio Crusade"American Experience" (Re: Seif Elyazal Burae)
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The Polio Crusade
Airs Monday, February 2 at 8:00 PM
It was the largest public health experiment in American history — a crusade that eradicated polio, one of the 20th-century’s most dreaded diseases. The polio epidemic terrified Americans for decades, affecting thousands of children, leaving many crippled, paralyzed or condemned to life in an iron lung. But on April 26, 1954, hope emerged. At the Franklin Sherman Elementary School in McLean, Virginia, six-year-old Randy Kerr stood at the head of a long line of children and waited patiently while a nurse gently rolled up his sleeve, then filled a syringe with a cherry-colored liquid containing the world’s first polio vaccine. Developed just a few years earlier by virologist Jonas Salk, the polio vaccine had not yet been widely tested on humans. No one was certain it was safe or whether it could provide effective protection against the disease. In the coming weeks, nearly two million school children in 44 states received the shots. The Salk vaccine trials were the dramatic culmination of years of research and a multi-million dollar investment, made up in large part by public donations. Based in part on David Oshinsky’s Pulitzer Prize-winning book, Polio: An American Story , this film chronicles a decades-long crusade, fueled by the bold leadership of a single philanthropy and its innovative public relations campaign, and features a bitter battle between two scientists and the breakthrough of a now-forgotten woman researcher.
http://www.wyoptv.org/programming/viewprogram.php?id=1190&aid=1723
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Re: The Polio Crusade"American Experience" (Re: Seif Elyazal Burae)
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What is Polio?
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system, and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. It can strike at any age, but affects mainly children under three (over 50% of all cases). The virus enters the body through the mouth and multiplies in the intestine. Initial symptoms are fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck and pain in the limbs. One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). Amongst those paralysed, 5%-10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. Although polio paralysis is the most visible sign of polio infection, fewer than 1% of polio infections ever result in paralysis. Poliovirus can spread widely before cases of paralysis are seen. As most people infected with poliovirus have no signs of illness, they are never aware they have been infected. After initial infection with poliovirus, the virus is shed intermittently in faeces (excrement) for several weeks. During that time, polio can spread rapidly through the community.
Who is most at risk of polio?
Polio mainly affects children under five years of age. However, immune and or partially immune adults and children can still be infected with poliovirus and carry the virus for long enough to take the virus from one country to another, infecting close contacts and contaminating sanitation systems. This could facilitate transmission especially in countries where sanitation systems are sub-standard.
How is polio spread?
In the remaining polio endemic countries, poliovirus is mainly passed through person-to-person contact. Most people infected with the poliovirus do not develop polio paralysis or other symptoms of polio infection. However one in 200 people do have symptoms and can become paralyzed. The virus enters the environment through faeces of people infected then is passed to others especially in situations of poor hygiene. The poliovirus can also infect persons who have been vaccinated and can be carried by them. Such individuals will not develop polio, but can carry the virus in their intestines and can pass it to others in conditions of sub-standard hygiene. The disease may infect thousands of people, depending on the level of sanitation, before the first case of polio paralysis emerges. Individuals can carry the virus in their intestines just long enough to transmit to others. WHO considers a single confirmed case of polio paralysis to be evidence of an epidemic - particularly in countries where very few cases occur.
How can polio be prevented?
There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented through immunization. Polio vaccine, given multiple times, almost always protects a child for life. Full immunization will markedly reduce an individual's risk of developing paralytic polio. Full immunization will protect most people, however individuals can still contract the disease due to the failure of some individuals to respond to the vaccine.
POLIO PARALYSIS
Once established in the intestines, poliovirus can enter the blood stream and invade the central nervous system - spreading along nerve fibres. As it multiplies, the virus destroys nerve cells (motor neurons) which activate muscles. These nerve cells cannot be regenerated and the affected muscles no longer function. The muscles of the legs are affected more often than the arm muscles. The limb becomes floppy and lifeless - a condition known as acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). More extensive paralysis, involving the trunk and muscles of the thorax and abdomen, can result in quadriplegia. In the most severe cases (bulbar polio), poliovirus attacks the motor neurons of the brain stem - reducing breathing capacity and causing difficulty in swallowing and speaking. Without respiratory support, bulbar polio can result in death.
THE IRON LUNG
Large polio epidemics caused panic every summer during the 1940s and 50s in industrialized countries (US, Western Europe). At that time, people with polio affecting the respiratory muscles were immobilized inside "iron lungs" - huge
l cylinders that operated like a pair of bellows to regulate their breathing and keep them alive. Today, the iron lung has largely been replaced by the positive pressure ventilator; nevertheless, it is still in use in some countries.
Children whose legs are paralysed by polio today often require crutches, special braces or wheelchairs in order to move around.
Because no drug developed so far has proven effective, treatment is entirely symptomatic. Moist heat is coupled with physical therapy to stimulate the muscles and antispasmodic drugs are given to produce muscular relaxation. While this can improve mobility, it cannot reverse permanent polio paralysis.
POLIO IN INDUSTRIALIZED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Until the 1950s, polio crippled thousands of children every year in industrialized countries. Soon after the introduction of effective vaccines in the late 1950s (IPV) and early 1960s (OPV), polio was brought under control, and practically eliminated as a public health problem in industrialized countries.
It took somewhat longer for polio to be recognised as a major problem in developing countries. However, 'lameness surveys' during the 1970s revealed that the disease was also frequent in developing countries, crippling thousands of children every year. As a result, during the 1970s routine immunization with OPV as part of national immunization programmes (Expanded Programme on Immunization, or EPI programmes) was introduced worldwide, helping to control the disease in many developing countries.
Today, the disease has been eliminated from most of the world, and only seven countries world-wide remain polio-endemic. This represents the lowest number of countries with circulating wild poliovirus. At the same time, the areas of transmission are more concentrated than ever - 98 percent of all global cases are found in India, Nigeria and Pakistan.
For more information on polio in developing countries, with particular reference to prosthetic treatment of children crippled by polio, refer to excerpts from the book by Dr. Huckstep on polio in the developing world.
http://www.polioeradication.org/disease.asp
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Re: The Polio Crusade"American Experience" (Re: Seif Elyazal Burae)
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من ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة
شلل الأطفال Poliomyelitis أحد الأمراض الفيروسية المعدية ، تتراوح شدته من عدوى بسيطة إلى مرض يصحبه شلل رخوي في الأطراف خصوصا ً الأطراف السفلى من الجسم.
محتويات
1 الميكروب المسبب للمرض
2 مصادره
3 طرق انتقال العدوى
4 أعراض وعلامات الإصابة بشلل الأطفال
5 الـوقـايـة
6 المـكافحة
7 المراجع
8 اقرأ أيضاً
الميكروب المسبب للمرض
فايرس شلل الأطفالفايرس شلل الأطفال polio Virus وهو ذو قدرة شديدة على احداث المرض فترة حضانة المرض تترواح مابين 4-14 يوما ً .
مصادر العدوى تنحصر فقط في الإنسان المريض ، أو حامل الفيروس لاغير.حامل العدو ويسبب له العدوا
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طرق انتقال العدوى
يدخل الفيروس إلى الجسم عن طريق الأنف أو الفم ، كذلك ينتشر المرض عن طريق فضلات الإنسان ، وفي حالات قليلة ونادرة يُمكن أن ينتقل عن طريق الألبان والأطعمة الملوثة بفضلات الإنسان أيضا ً.
أعراض وعلامات الإصابة بشلل الأطفال
عند الإصابة بهذا الفايرس يوجد ثلاث احتمالات لمراحل المرض وهي تختلف على حسب مناعة الطفل المصاب:
الحالة الأولى ، قد يصل الفايرس إلى الحنجرة فقط ويتوقف هناك ولا تظهر أي أعراض على الطفل وذلك بسبب مناعة الطفل الطبيعية أو بسبب إصابة الطفل سابقا ً فأصبح لديه مناعة داخلية أو أن الطفل قد سبق تطعيمه باللقاح المضاد للمرض.
في هذه الحالة ، لاتظهر على الطفل المصاب أي علامات مرضية ويكون حامل للفايرس فقط.
الحالة الثانية ، قد يتعدى الفايرس الحنجرة ويصل إلى الجهاز الهضمى ومنه إلى الدم ويقف أيضا ً هناك بسبب وجود الأجسام المضادة التي تكونت بعد دخول الفيروس إلى الدم.
في هذه الحالة ، تظهر على المصاب بعض العلامات والأعراض تتمثل في ارتفاع الحرارة والقيء وتصلب عضلات الرقبة والظهر. تختفي هذه الأعراض بعد عدة أيام بلا أي أضرار آخرى.
في الحالة الثالثة، وهي الأشد خطورة ، يتسلل الفيروس إلى الجهاز العصبي للطفل ويصيب الخلايا الحركية في النخاع الشوكي بالتلف ، وفي هذه الحالة يُـصاب الطفل بشلل في الأطراف السفلى من جسمه خصوصا ً.
تظهر على الطفل بعد إصابة الجهاز العصبي بعض الأعراض وتتمثل في ارتفاع درجة الحرارة والصداع مع وجود آلام عامة، عثيان وقيء، وقد يعاني من تشنج العضلات ، يعقب ذلك مرحلة الشلل. تستمر الأعراض العامة للمرض لمدة ثلاث أسابيع تقريبا ً ، تختفي بعدها تاركة الإعاقة الدائمة للطفل في هذه الحالة.
[عدل] الـوقـايـة
ظلت محاولات علاج شلل الأطفال فاشلة حتى ظهر العالمان يوناس سولك وبعده ألبرت سابين ونجحا في إختراع فاكسين ضد شلل الأطفال، وهو واحد من أعظم الإكتشافات الطبية في تاريخ الطب.[1]
يمكن الوقاية من الإصابة بالمرض عن طريق أخذ التطعيمات الأساسية الخاصة، فلا يوجد إلى الآن علاج نوعي محدد . التطعيمات الخاصة بالمرض عبارة عن خمس جرعات تعطى على النحو التالي :
الجرعة الأولى عند عمر خمس وأربعين يوما ً.
الجرعة الثانية عند عمر ثلاثة أشهر.
الجرعة الثالثة عند عمر خمس أشهرر.
الجرعتين الأخيرتين في عمر سنة ونصف والأخيرة بعد الأربع سنوات
في حال انتشار المرض أو في حال الاشتباه ، يتم إعطاء جرعتين منشطتين من اللقاح بفاصل شهر بين الجرعتين لجميع الأطفال دون الخامسة من العمر بغض النظر هل سبق تطعيمهم أم لأ.
[عدل] المـكافحة
في حالة الإصابة بالمرض أو الإشتباه بالإصابة يتم التليغ الفوري عن الحالات ومن ثم العزل بالمستشفيات وإعطاء العلاجات اللازمة للحالات المرضية. كذلك تتم عملية التطهير المستمر لإفرازات ومتعلقات المريض. أما المخالطين للمريض فيتم حقنهم بعقار الجاماجلوبيولين Gammaglobuline خصوصاً الأطفال دون الخامسة ومتابعة حالاتهم الصحية حتى يثبت عدم إصابتهم بالمرض
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