مصطلحات لرجال الاعمال و جماعة الادارة و التحليل المالي

يردني علي ابريد الاكتروني من اكثر من مصدر
المصطلخات و المفردات المتداولة في دنيا المال و الاعمال
وهنالك كل يوم مصطلح أو تعبير أو عبارة جديدة
فتوالي الازمات المالية و مصائب و مصاعب اليورو و الدولار
و الحلول المقترحة يوميا تجلب معها كثير من التعابير الجديدة



سوف اوردها هنا كما جاءت من المصدر و باللغة الانجليزية

Term of the Day
spoofing

Stock market manipulation in which a trader with a position in a stock places an anonymous buy order for a large number of shares through an ECN and then cancels it seconds later. The price of the stock will immediately jump, giving the impression of high demand, which draws others into buying the stock, allowing the manipulator to sell at a higher price. Some market analysts believe this is one cause of increased volatility in the markets.

Term of the Day


acquisition accounting
Procedure adopted in preparation of the consolidated financial statement of an acquiring and the acquired firm. The purchase price of the acquired firm is allocated between its net tangible and intangible assets (such as copyrights, patents, trademarks) on the basis of their fair market value. Any resulting difference (acquisition adjustment) is allocated to goodwill.

Term of the Day


publicity

Type of promotion that relies on public relations effect of a news story carried usually free by mass media. The main objective of publicity is not sales promotion, but creation of an image through editorial or 'independent source' commentary. While the publicist can control the content of the story, he or she may not have any control over its placement or interpretation by the media.

Term of the Day

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

HIPAA. A law mandating that anyone belonging to a group health insurance plan must be allowed to purchase health insurance within an interval of time beginning when the previous coverage is lost. The law protects employees, especially those with long term health conditions who may be reluctant to leave jobs because they are afraid pre-existing condition clauses will limit coverage of any such conditions under a new insurance plan, from losing health insurance due a change in employment status. The law also creates standards dealing with the privacy of health information, which helps prevent improper use of one's medical record.

Term of the Day

nepotism
Practice of appointing relatives and friends in one's organization to positions for which outsiders might be better qualified. Despite its negative connotations, nepotism (if applied sensibly) is an important and positive practice in the startup and formative years of a firm where complete trust and willingness to work hard (for little or no immediate reward) are critical for its survival.

Term of the Day

syndicate

Temporary association of two or more individuals or firms to carryout a specific business venture or project such as large scale real estate development. Syndicates are commonly treated as corporations or partnerships for tax purposes.

Group of brokers or insurance underwriters who together accept the risk of buying and distributing a new stock issue or an insurance risk.

Term of the Day

reinvestment date

The first day of the ex-dividend period. The reinvestment date was created to allow all pending transactions to be completed before the record date. If an investor does not own the stock before the reinvestment date, he or she will be ineligible for the dividend payout. Further, for all pending transactions that have not been completed by the reinvestment date, the exchanges automatically reduce the price of the stock by the amount of the dividend. This is done because a dividend payout automatically reduces the value of the company (it comes from the company's cash reserves), and the investor would have to absorb that reduction in value (because neither the buyer nor the seller are eligible for the dividend). also called ex-dividend date.

Term of the Day

equitable mortgage
A mortgage in which the lender is secured by taking possession of all the original title documents of the property that serves as security for the mortgage. It gives the mortgagee the right to foreclose on the property, sell it, or appoint a receiver in case of nonpayment.



equitable mortgageis in theBanking, Commerce, Credit, & Finance andCorporate, Commercial, & General Lawsubjects.

Osman very interesting indeed thanks a lot for the info

:I hear the following at my office on daily basis

Margin
Leverage
Capital protection products
Hedge
Bullish
Bearish
Market Trend

Term of the Day

socially responsible fund

A mutual fund that only invests in companies that meet certain ethical and moral standards. Some examples include: funds that only invest in environmentally conscious companies ("green funds"), funds that invest in hospitals and health care centers, and funds that avoid investing in alcohol or tobacco companies. Socially responsible funds try to maximize returns while staying within these self-imposed boundaries.

بالميت تب #######ING
ذكرتنا introduction to business and practice of banking
عمك من زمن المعهد الفني
وكل تيرم محاضرة مجانية
شكرا عثمان

Quote: بالميت تب #######ING

فلتر اللنقليزي دا زي المصريين اتهجموا تهجم
الكلمة المشختة ريفريشن ما عارف الفهم فيها شنو
يا ربي عندها معنى تاني ما ممتاز
.
.
واصل يا عثمان مع الشكر

Quote: فلتر اللنقليزي دا زي المصريين اتهجموا تهجم الكلمة المشختة ريفريشن ما عارف الفهم فيها شنو يا ربي عندها معنى تاني ما ممتاز . . واصل يا عثمان مع الشكر

الظاهر رفرش بتعمل اف 5



لك شكري

Dear Sayed
Wil try to find definition
for the terms



Margin
1. Banking: (1) Difference between the market value of a collateral and amount of the loan advanced against it. Also called haircut. (2) Percentage added to a market rate of interest, or subtracted from a market rate of deposit, to provide a return to the bank.
2. Commerce: Difference between the cost price and selling price of a product.
3. Commodity trading: Difference between the spot price and forward price quoted for a commodity.
4. Currency trading: Difference between the spot price and forward price quoted for a currency.
5. Futures trading: Security deposit that buyers and sellers must place with the clearing house to guaranty they will perform as agreed (to make or take the delivery) on or before the futures contract's expiration date.
6. Securities trading: Difference between the amount of loan advanced by a stockbroker to a speculator and the current value of the securities deposited by him or her with the stockbroker as collateral.

Leverage
Definition
The ability to influence a system, or an environment, in a way that multiplies the outcome of one's efforts without a corresponding increase in the consumption of resources. In other words, leverage is the advantageous condition of having a relatively small amount of cost yield a relatively high level of returns. See also financial leverage and operating leverage.

hedge
Definition
Investment made by taking a trading position in a futures or options market to minimize the impact of adverse changes in interest rates or in the prices of commodities or securities. See also hedging.

hedge accounting
Definition
Practice in which a risky trading position and its hedge are treated as one item so that the gains in one automatically offset the losses in the other.

hedge fund
Definition
Exceptionally risky and largely unregulated US investment partnership which employs aggressive leverage to multiply gains (or losses) from fluctuations in the prices of financial instruments (bonds, notes, securities). Hedge funds are restricted under US law to less than 100 investors who typically put in a minimum of one million dollars each

hedging

Definition
A risk management strategy used in limiting or offsetting probability of loss from fluctuations in the prices of commodities, currencies, or securities. In effect, hedging is a transfer of risk without buying insurance policies.
Hedging employs various techniques but, basically, involves taking equal and opposite positions in two different markets (such as cash and futures markets). Hedging is used also in protecting one's capital against effects of inflation through investing in high-yield financial instruments (bonds, notes, shares), real estate, or precious ####ls.

Term of the Day

quanto option

Option in one currency, but which pays out in another. Quanto options are usually used in cases when investors are confident of the underlying asset's performance, but are not confident of the performance of the currency which the underlying is denominated in.

Term of the Day

affirmative obligations

NASD requirements imposed on Nasdaq market makers, including: maintaining two-sided markets on a continuous basis, quoting firm bid and ask prices, participating in the Small Order Execution System, and reporting price and volume data for each Nasdaq security transaction within 90 seconds of execution.

Term of the Day

Black Friday
The day after Thanksgiving Day that signals the beginning of the Christmas shopping season. Retailers kick off the season by offering deep discounts on products for those shoppers lucky enough to obtain the limited supply. Brick and mortar stores traditionally open much earlier than normal business hours, including a few at 12:00 AM midnight. In recent years, e-commerce sites have begun offering discounts and free shipping on Black Friday, as well as created their own shopping holiday in Cyber Monday.

Term of the Day

agency by estoppel
Legally binding agency relationship that may arise where, in fact, no formal agency agreement is in effect. A principal may give an appearance of agency relationship by, for example, furnishing his or her firm's call cards or other stationery to the agent. In such cases, the existence of an agency may be presumed, and the principal may be bound by the acts of the agent performed on the principal's behalf. Also called presumption of agency. See also partnership by estoppel.


agency by estoppelis in theAgreements & Contracts,Corporate, Commercial, & General Law andEntrepreneurship, Management, & Small Businesssubjects

Term of the Day


cyber Monday

Refers to the first Monday following the Thanksgiving Holiday weekend, and is considered a prime shopping day for online shoppers and retailers. Following Black Friday, retailers offer a number of specials that are only available to online shoppers. Free shipping is often offered as an incentive for purchases made on cyber Monday.

Term of the Day

reversal arbitrage

A riskless transaction consisting of the short sale of a security, the purchase of a call, and the writing of a put. If the value of the security increases, the call is exercised to negate the short sale. If the value of the security decreases, the put will be exercised by the holder and the received security will negate the short sale.

Term of the Day

reversal arbitrage

A riskless transaction consisting of the short sale of a security, the purchase of a call, and the writing of a put. If the value of the security increases, the call is exercised to negate the short sale. If the value of the security decreases, the put will be exercised by the holder and the received security will negate the short sale.

osman
I do not think it's just terminology. New understanding in economy. Thanks and I hope to continue in the subject. show us terms in shares and financial analysis
Greetings

Term of the Day

underlying debt

For municipal bonds, the debt of a government entity within the jurisdiction of a larger government entity which has partial credit responsibility. The larger government entity views the debt of the smaller entity as underlying debt. Since the larger government entity will generally be more creditworthy than the smaller entity, this sharing of credit responsibilities generally acts as a credit enhancement for the issuing authority.

Term of the Day

scam
A fraudulent scheme performed by a dishonest individual, group, or company in an attempt obtain money or something else of value. Scams traditionally resided in confidence tricks, where an individual would misrepresent themselves as someone with skill or authority, i.e. a doctor, lawyer, investor. After the internet became widely used, new forms of scams emerged such as lottery scams, scam baiting, email spoofing, phishing, or request for helps. These are considered to be email fraud. Also see phishing, scheme.

Term of the Day

absorption costing

Method of costing a product in which all fixed and variable costs (however remote) are apportioned to cost centers where they are accounted for (absorbed) using absorption rates. This method ensures that all incurred costs are recovered from the selling price of a good or service, (assuming the final price is acceptable to the customers). Also called full absorption costing. See also direct costing, and marginal costing

Term of the Day

weak dollar

Dollar that can be exchanged for only a small or decreasing amount of foreign currency. A weak dollar means that the U.S. dollar cannot buy very much of another currency. The strength of the dollar has an impact on imports and exports because goods and services from a foreign nation are usually purchased in the currency of the producing nation. A weak dollar usually leads to high exports and low imports. Opposite of strong dollar.

Term of the Day


extraordinary item
Accounting entry which reflects materially-large cost (such as that incurred for plant shutdown) or materially-large revenue (such as that realized from sale of a piece of land) that is unlikely to recur and which does not derive from a firm's normal line of business. All extraordinary items must be disclosed and explained by the management in the financial statements, showing the firm's earnings before and after taking into account the effects of extraordinary items. Some firms use them to 'massage' their financials in order to make them look better or worse then they actually are (see creative accounting). Also called special item. See also exceptional item.

Term of the Day

overwriting

Strategy of selling call or put options in quantity, hoping that they will not be exercised. Option writers do this when they suspect the underlying is incorrectly valued, and so the buyer will let the options expire and the writer will simply earn option premiums, but this is a risky strategy.

شكرا يا حبيب على المعلومات المفيده دى

ممكن بالمرة تتكرم علينا بشرح مصطلح (الحوكمة) لو ممكن

شكرا

Quote: (الحوكمة)

governance

Establishment of policies, and continuous monitoring of their proper implementation, by the members of the governing body of an organization. It includes the mechanisms required to balance the powers of the members (with the associated accountability), and their primary duty of enhancing the prosperity and viability of the organization. See also corporate governance.

corporate governance

The framework of rules and practices by which a board of directors ensures accountability, fairness, and transparency in a company's relationship with its all stakeholders (financiers, customers, management, employees, government, and the community).The corporate governance framework consists of
(1) explicit and implicit contracts between the company and the stakeholders for distribution of responsibilities, rights, and rewards,
(2) procedures for reconciling the sometimes conflicting interests of stakeholders in accordance with their duties, privileges, and roles, and
(3) procedures for proper supervision, control, and information-flows to serve as a system of checks-and-balances. Also called corporation governance. See also Cadbury rules and governance.

Quote: New understanding in economy

Thanks

Term of the Day

phishing
The act of acquiring private or sensitive data from personal computers for use in fraudulent activities. Phishing is usually done by sending emails that seem to appear to come from credible sources (however, they are in no way affiliated with the actual source/company), which require users to put in personal data such as a credit card number or social security number. This information is then transmitted to the hacker and utilized to commit acts of fraud. Some of the criminals behind phishing scams have even gone so far as to create websites that appear to be operated by government agencies. Many virus programs and email providers have developed software in attempt to combat the problem.

Term of the Day

EBITDAR

An approximate measure of a company's operating cash flow based on data from the company's income statement. Calculated by looking at earnings before the deduction of interest expenses, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and rent. Similar to, but less common than, Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization

Term of the Day

manufacture
To make a good with tools and/or machines by effecting chemical, mechanical, or physical transformation of materials, substances, or components, or by simulating natural processes, usually repeatedly and on a large scale with a division of labor. Manufactured items often are, or are made out to be, different from other similar goods in one or more aspects, and are sold commonly under a particular brand name

Term of the Day

interval measure

A calculation to measure the approximate number of days a company could operate simply on the cash it currently has on hand. It is equal to quick assets divided by daily operating expenses, and the value it returns is the average number of days that company could use those assets to meet all its expenses. The interval measure is similar to both the current ratio and the quick ratio, in that it gives an idea of how easily a company could fulfill its obligations. The interval measure is sometimes preferred to the other ratios because it returns an approximation of the actual number of days, as opposed to the other ratios, which just return a value that indicates the ease of making the payments.

Term of the Day

hierarchical organization
Common, pyramid-like organization where one person is in charge of a functional area (engineering, finance, marketing) with one or more subordinates handling the sub-functions. In an hierarchical organization (whether business, military, political, or religious) higher levels imply greater superiority and domination than the lower ones, and the chain of command extends straight from the top to the bottom.

Term of the Day

limited discretionary account

An arrangement in which a client has given his/her broker the ability to make certain types of trades without prior consent. An investor must sign a specific agreement allowing brokers to undertake discretionary transactions. Such an arrangement is only recommended if the investor has a high degree of trust in the broker's professional ability.

Term of the Day

implied contract

A legally enforceable agreement that arises from conduct, from assumed intentions, from some relationship among the immediate parties, or from the application of the legal principle of equity.

For example, a contract is implied when a party knowingly accepts a benefit from another party in circumstances where the benefit cannot be considered a gift. Therefore, the party accepting the benefit is under a legal obligation to give fair value for the benefit received. Opposite of express contract. See also express contract, implied in fact contract, and implied in law contract.

Term of the Day

FIRREA

Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989. A federal law created to improve the situation after hundreds of U.S. Savings and Loan institutions failed. This act created the Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC), a company which provided funds to the savings and loan institutions which needed help. These funds were generated by the Resolution Funding Corporation (REFCORP).

Term of the Day

negative pledge

Provision in an unsecured loan agreement that prevents the borrower from obtaining any secured loan without the consent of the unsecured lender. A bond indenture clause that prohibits the bond issuer from pledging its assets to a third party (thus reducing the level of security for the bondholders) is an example of a negative pledge.

Term of the Day


glass ceiling

Invisible but real barrier through which the next stage or level of advancement can be seen, but cannot be reached by a section of qualified and deserving employees. Such barriers exist due to implicit prejudice on the basis of age, ethnicity, political or religious affiliation, and/or sex. Although generally illegal, such practices prevalent in most countries.

Term of the Day

money flow index

MFI. An indicator used to show the percentage of a stock's price on up days compared to the total of up and down days. It is an oscillator of money flow. MFI can be calculated following these steps:

Typical price = (high + low + close)/3
Money flow = typical price * volume
Money ratio = positive money flow / negative money flow
MFI = 100 - (100 / (1+ money ratio)) OR
MFI = positive money flow / (positive and negative money flow) * 100
(Both formulas arrive at the same MFI value.)

Values below 50 indicate that the stock is undersold, while values above 50 indicate that a stock is overbought.

Term of the Day

Universal Product Code (UPC)

Twelve-digit barcode printed or affixed on virtually everything sold in supermarkets or retail stores, including books, magazines, candy, etc., for automatic checking-out at the cashier counter. UPC not only identifies an item, it also provides real time information on quantity sold, store traffic pattern, and inventory and ordering information. Introduced by IBM in 1973 for use in electronic point-of-sale applications, it was supplanted by European Article Numbering (EAN) code in 1976.

Term of the Day

labor market

The nominal market in which workers find paying work, employers find willing workers, and wage rates are determined.

Labor markets may be local or national (even international) in their scope and are made up of smaller, interacting labor markets for different qualifications, skills, and geographical locations. They depend on exchange of information between employers and job seekers about wage rates, conditions of employment, level of competition, and job location.

Term of the Day

yield maintenance

A type of prepayment fee that is based on the movement of interest rates. The fee is charged by the lender to the borrower, and the borrower pays the fee in the hope that the mortgage-backed investment will provide a higher yield. The yield maintenance formula is the present value of remaining payments multiplied by the difference between the bond interest rate and the rate on a Treasury note of the same duration. It is often used in the commercial mortgage market in the valuation of securities.

Hi,

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Term of the Day

demographic factors

Socioeconomic characteristics of a population expressed statistically, such as age, sex, education level, income level, marital status, occupation, religion, birth rate, death rate, average size of a family, average age at marriage. A census is a collection of the demographic factors associated with every member of a population.

Term of the Day

ownership

The ultimate and exclusive right conferred by a lawful claim or title, and subject to certain restrictions to enjoy, occupy, possess, rent, sell, use, give away, or even destroy an item of property

Ownership may be corporeal (title to a tangible object such as a house) or incorporeal (title to an intangible object, such as a copyright, or a right to recover debt). Possession (as in tenancy) does not necessarily mean ownership because it does not automatically transfer title.

Term of the Day

unemployment rate

Percentage of total workforce who are unemployed and are looking for a paid job. Unemployment rate is one of the most closely watched statistics because a rising rate is seen as a sign of weakening economy that may call for cut in interest rate. A falling rate, similarly, indicates a growing economy which is usually accompanied by higher inflation rate and may call for increase in interest rates.

Term of the Day

buying hedge

Buying futures to hedge against the sale of a cash commodity. An investor might use a buying hedge if he/she expects to buy a certain amount of the commodity in the future, but is worried about price fluctuations. He/she will buy a futures contract in order to be able to buy the commodity at a fixed price later

Term of the Day

American-style option

An option which can be exercised at any time between the purchase date and the expiration date. Most options in the U.S. are of this type. This is the opposite of a European-style option, which can only be exercised on the date of expiration. Since an American-style option provides an investor with a greater degree of flexibility than a European style option, the premium for an American style option is at least equal to or higher than the premium for a European-style option which otherwise has all the same features. also called American option

Term of the Day


compliance

Certification or confirmation that the doer of an action (such as the writer of an audit report), or the manufacturer or supplier of a product, meets the requirements of accepted practices, legislation, prescribed rules and regulations, specified standards, or the terms of a contract. See also conformance

Term of the Day

jobless claims

The number of people who file for unemployment benefits in a given week. This data is collected by the Department of Labor, and published as a weekly report. The number of jobless claims is used as a measure of the health of the job market, as a series of increases indicates that there are fewer people being hired.

Term of the Day

assurance

Part of corporate governance in which a management provides accurate and current information to the stakeholders about the efficiency and effectiveness of its policies and operations, and the status of its compliance with the statutory obligations.Insurance cover against an eventuality that (sooner or later) must occur; death of the person covered under a life insurance policy being the common one

Term of the Day

self-supporting bond

Bond sold to finance a project whose revenues will be used to pay off the interest and principal on that bond. Such bonds are generally issued by municipalities, who use the proceeds to finance various kinds of development projects. Self-supporting bonds are sometimes named after the specific kind of project that they are financing (for example, hospital revenue bond). Municipalities might opt for a revenue bond structure in cases where they have the power to levy charges on users of the projects, such as roads, airports, or hospitals. Since a self-supporting bond is supported by project-specific revenues as opposed to more secure general tax revenues, they are of slightly lower quality than general obligation bonds, and so they tend to have higher yields. However, self-supporting bonds issued by municipalities have a good track record, and are generally considered low risk, liquid investments provided they are backed up by viable projects. Thus, the most important factor to keep in mind when investing in such bonds is the revenue prospects of the project that is being financed by the bond. Like all municipal bonds, interest earned on the bonds is exempt from federal tax. In the case that the bond is bought by a resident of the state that issued the bond, the interest payments are also exempt from state tax. Interest payments are further exempt from local tax if they are bought by residents of the locality that issued the bond.

Term of the Day

cost estimate

An approximation of the probable cost of a product, program, or project, computed on the basis of available information.

Four common types of cost estimates are: (1) Planning estimate: a rough approximation of cost within a reasonable range of values, prepared for information purposes only. Also called ball park estimate. (2) Budget estimate: an approximation based on well-defined (but preliminary) cost data and established ground rules. (3) Firm estimate: a figure based on cost data sound enough for entering into a binding contract. (4) Not-to-exceed /Not-less-than estimate: the maximum or minimum amount required to accomplish a given task, based on a firm cost estimate.

Term of the Day

Markets in Financial Instruments Directive

MFID. A set of guidelines created by the European Union that created common regulations across the various investment services in each member state. MFID authorizes member states to regulate their own financial firms, requires that firms offer sufficient transaction transparency, and requires that firms offer the best trade execution for clients..

Term of the Day

discovery

Pre-trial disclosure process during which several legal devices can be employed by any litigating party to obtain relevant non-privileged information from the opposing or non-opposing party/parties. These devices include depositions, examinations of witnesses, inspection of documents, and interrogatories. If any party is unwilling to cooperate, the court may subpoena the party or the documents, or (after failure to make discovery) dismiss the action or enters a summary judgment.

Term of the Day


trade secret

Type of intellectual property such as formulary, know how, process, system, or confidential information that gives its owner a competitive advantage and unauthorized disclosure of which will harm the owner. Courts generally grant injunctions to prevent a threatened disclosure of a trade secret by the current or former employees because otherwise the relationship of trust between the employer and employee will be destroyed. The employer must, however, demonstrate that he or she actively safeguarded the trade secret and had informed the employees that it was to remain confidential.

Term of the Day

GAO

Government Accountability Office. The arm of Congress that investigates the performance of the federal government. GAO evaluates the use of public funds and the performance of federal programs, while also providing analytical, investigative and legal services in order to support to Congress in its policy formulation and decision making processes. Most GAO reports are initiated at the request of Congress, while some are initiated by the agency itself or are required by law. Until 2004, GAO stood for General Accounting Office.

Term of the Day

level payment amortization

Repayment of a loan through a fixed number of fixed-amount monthly installments. While the amount of the installment is same every month, however, it is apportioned unequally between interest and principal payments. In the early years, the major proportion (as much as 90 percent) of the installment amount goes towards payment of the interest. It is only in later years, when most of the interest has been paid off, that the principal balance begins to reduce significantly. Also called straight line amortization.

Term of the Day


pension fund

Pooled-contributions from pension plans set up by employers, unions, or other organizations to provide for the employees' or members' retirement benefits. Pension funds are the largest investment blocks in most countries and dominate the stock markets where they invest. When managed by professional fund managers, they constitute the institutional investor category with insurance companies and investment trusts. Commonly, pension funds are exempt from capital gains tax and the earnings on their investment portfolios are either tax deferred or tax exempt.

Term of the Day

flexible exchange option (FLEX)

An option contract instrument offered by market clearing houses that allows the investor to customize key terms. These contract terms include the exercise style, strike price, and expiration dates. Flexible exchange options grant investors a wider variety of choices to fit specific investment goals.

Term of the Day

debenture

A promissory note or a corporate bond which (in the US) is backed generally only by the reputation and integrity of the borrower and (in the UK) by the borrower's specific assets.When unsecured, it is called a bare debenture or naked debenture; when secured by a charge on a specific property, it is called a mortgage debenture

Term of the Day

confirmed irrevocable letter of credit (L/C)

L/C that adds the endorsement of a seller's bank (the accepting-bank) to that of the buyer's bank (the issuing bank). It provides the highest level of protection to the seller because not only the L/C cannot be canceled (or its terms changed) unilaterally by the buyer (the account party), but also both banks involved in the transaction guaranty its payment on its due (maturity) date.

up

الف شكر لك استاذ رغيم ..

ياريت تودي البوست ده لي بكري قبل الارشفة .... اعلان:ارشفة المنبر العام الحالى الربع الرابع للعام2011 يوم 28 ديسمبر11

انا كل صباح ببدا بيه مع القهوة

I hope to pass on the terms of the evaluation of companies for mergers and acquisitions and financial statement analysis

Term of the Day

exchange rate

Price for which the currency of a country can be exchanged for another country's currency. Factors that influence exchange rate include (1) interest rates, (2) inflation rate, (3) trade balance, (4) political stability, (5) internal harmony, (6) high degree of transparency in the conduct of leaders and administrators, (7) general state of economy, and (8) quality of governance.

for me it is very good
many thanks

Term of the Day

foreign exchange market

Global market in convertible currencies are traded and their conversion rates are determined. It is the world's largest financial market in which every day, on average, some one and one-half trillion dollar worth of currencies are bought and sold. Out of this only about 15 percent is traded for goods or services, the balance 85 percent is traded by the individual and institutional speculators.

Term of the Day


business continuity plan

Set of documents, instructions, and procedures which enable a business to respond to accidents, disasters, emergencies, and/or threats without any stoppage or hindrance in its key operations. Also called business resumption plan, disaster recovery plan, or recovery plan

Quote: for me it is very good many thanks

thanks a lot

Quote: انا كل صباح ببدا بيه مع القهوة

keep both coffees

Thanks your highness

Term of the Day

options backdating

Setting the date of an employee stock option to an earlier time than when the option was actually granted. This can allow for a more favorable strike price. Backdating the option is not illegal, but the improper disclosure of the activity to the Securities and Exchange Commission is considered illegal.

Term of the Day

quitclaim deed

Document that transfers (conveys) whatever claim, interest, right, or title the maker (grantor) of the deed may have in a particular property, without any statement or warranty regarding any claim (if any) other parties might have in the same property. Used where the grantor's ownership of the property is questionable

Term of the Day

normal profit

Minimum profit necessary to attract and retain suppliers in a perfectly competitive market (see perfect competition). Only normal profit could be earned in such markets because, if profit was abnormally high, more competitors would appear and drive prices and profit down. If profit was abnormally low, firms would leave the market and the remaining ones would drive the prices and profit up. Markets where suppliers are making normal profits will neither expand nor shrink and will, therefore, be in a state of long-term equilibrium. Normal profit typically equals opportunity cost.

Term of the Day


intermediary

Firm or person (such as a broker or consultant) who acts as a mediator on a link between parties to a business deal, investment decision, negotiation, etc. In money markets, for example, banks act as intermediaries between depositors seeking interest income and borrowers seeking debt capital. Intermediaries usually specialize in specific areas, and serve as a conduit for market and other types of information. Also called a middleman. See also intermediation.

Term of the Day

core competencies

A unique ability that a company acquires from its founders or develops and that cannot be easily imitated. Core competencies are what give a company one or more competitive advantages, in creating and delivering value to its customers in its chosen field. Also called core capabilities or distinctive competencies.

Term of the Day

daily trading limit

The highest and lowest prices that a commodity or option is permitted to reach in a given trading session. Once reached, no trading occurs on that commodity or option until the following session. also called fluctuation limit or price limit.

Term of the Day


certificate of origin

Document that certifies a shipment's country of origin. It is used between members of a trading block or where special privileges are granted to goods produced in certain countries. Certificate of origin is commonly issued by a trade promotion office, or a chamber of commerce in the exporting country. Also called declaration of origin.

Term of the Day

trustor

Entity that establishes a trust and place property under the protection and management of one or more trustees for the immediate or eventual benefit of ascertainable one or more beneficiaries. It is not always necessary to identify the trustor who may be also be a trustee and/or one of the beneficiaries. In legal parlance, a trustor is called a settlor in the UK and a grantor in the US, whereas in common usage he or she may also be called a creator, donor, initiator, owner, or Trust maker.

Term of the Day

Ramsey pricing

Argument that if prices are to be increased, it is a good strategy to increase the markup on goods with the most inelastic demand, because consumers or users will buy them anyway. This rule is applicable also in taxation where some goods and services are to be taxed, but not where all are to be taxed. Proposed by Frank Ramsey, it is also called inverse elasticity rule.

Term of the Day

consumer sentiment index

An index which measures consumers' attitudes towards the economy. The index was normalized to the value of 100 in 1964. The index surveys people on their feelings about their individual financial situation, and the overall economy's situation in the present and in the future. This index is published monthly by the University of Michigan.

Term of the Day

consumer sentiment index

An index which measures consumers' attitudes towards the economy. The index was normalized to the value of 100 in 1964. The index surveys people on their feelings about their individual financial situation, and the overall economy's situation in the present and in the future. This index is published monthly by the University of Michigan

Term of the Day


customs value

Value of imported goods as appraised by the customs and used as the basis for assessing the amount of import duty and other taxes. It may be computed in several ways, but the most-preferred method is transaction-value which (in addition to the price paid by a buyer to a seller) includes other costs incurred by the buyer, such as packing costs, license fee or royalty, and any other sum(s) that accrue to the seller. It is the customs officer (and not the importer, exporter, or customs broker) who has the final say in assigning this value. Also called customs import value.

`Term of the Day

terms of trade

Not the contractual conditions of sale between a buyer and a seller, but the quantity of foreign goods and services (imports) that a country can purchase from the proceeds of the sale of its goods and services (exports) of a given quantity. It is a measure of a country's trading clout and is expressed as the ratio of an index of export prices to an index of import prices. Terms of trade of a country improve when the prices of its exports rise in comparison with the prices of its imports, vice versa.

Term of the Day

insider

Person who (by virtue of his or her employment or other close association) has insider information on a publicly traded firm. The opportunity of an insider to profit from such information is commonly restricted or prohibited by law. In the US, anyone who holds ten percent or more of the voting shares of a firm is automatically considered an insider.

Term of the Day

acid test ratio

Key measure of a firm's liquidity, it answers the question "Can this firm meet its current obligations from its liquid assets if suddenly all sales stop?" More stringent than 'current ratio,' it excludes inventories (typically the least liquid of current assets) to concentrate on the more liquid assets of the firm. Usually an acid test ratio of 1.0 or higher is considered satisfactory by lenders and investors. Also called acid ratio or quick ratio. Formula: (Current assets - inventory value) ÷ current liabilities

Term of the Day

return on investment (ROI)

the earning power of assets measured as the ratio of the net income (profit less depreciation) to the average capital employed (or equity capital) in a company or project.Expressed usually as a percentage, return on investment is a measure of profitability that indicates whether or not a company is using its resources in an efficient manner. For example, if the long-term return on investment of a company is lower than its cost-of-capital, then the company will be better off by liquidating its assets and depositing the proceeds in a bank. Also called rate of return, or yield

Dear Osman
It's a very interesting subject please continue in

Thanks a lot

Term of the Day

momorandum of understanding (MOU)


document that expresses mutual accord on an issue between two or more parties.Memoranda of understanding are generally recognized as binding, even if no legal claim could be based on the rights and obligations laid down in them. To be legally operative, a memorandum of understanding must (1) identify the contracting parties, (2) spell out the subject matter of the agreement and its objectives, (3) summarize the essential terms of the agreement, and (4) must be signed by the contracting parties

بوست ممتع و جميل و استفدت من الكثير
شكرا يا عثمان

كنت في لقاء مع مدير جمعية ACCA ال ايه سي سي ايه بالامارات قبل اسابيع، رجل انجليزي لطيف جدا و بيزنيز مايندد، الغريبة مجاله الاول ليس المحاسبه و لكن تطوير الاعمال و البيزنز
سالته عن موقف الولايات المتحدة الاميريكة الاخير من تبني معايير المحاسبة الدولية، فاستعمل كلمة كوندورس
Condorse

و هي عبارة عن
Converge
و
Endorse
باختصار هي مرحلة اقل من التبني المية مية و اكبر بقليل من التاييد فقط :)

Term of the Day


fiduciary duty

A legal obligation of one party to act in the best interest of another. The obligated party is typically a fiduciary, that is, someone entrusted with the care of money or property. Also called fiduciary obligation.

Quote: Dear Osman It's a very interesting subject please continue in Thanks a lot

Thanks a lot

try to do my best

Term of the Day

justification

Defendant's lawful or sufficient reason for having acted (or having failed to act) what he or she is charged with. In a defamation case, the truthfulness of a defamatory statement is a sufficient justification to have made it.Manner of spacing words on a column or page so the rows are aligned in a specified way.

Term of the Day


binary system

Number system that uses only two values (0,1; on, off) to represent codes and data. Since zeros and ones can be easily represented by two voltages, the binary system is the foundation on which digital technology is built. Every digital computer whether a pocket calculator or a mainframe uses the same binary notation.

Term of the Day

forex swap

A type of foreign exchange swap consisting of two parts, completed at the same time. One part is a foreign exchange spot trade, and the other is a foreign exchange forward transaction. Forex swaps are most often used by investors for either hedging or speculation purposes.

Quote: بوست ممتع و جميل و استفدت من الكثير شكرا يا عثمان كنت في لقاء مع مدير جمعية ACCA ال ايه سي سي ايه بالامارات قبل اسابيع، رجل انجليزي لطيف جدا و بيزنيز مايندد، الغريبة مجاله الاول ليس المحاسبه و لكن تطوير الاعمال و البيزنز سالته عن موقف الولايات المتحدة الاميريكة الاخير من تبني معايير المحاسبة الدولية، فاستعمل كلمة كوندورس Condorse و هي عبارة عن Converge و Endorse باختصار هي مرحلة اقل من التبني المية مية و اكبر بقليل من التاييد فقط :)

اختنا الغالية بت الخليفة ود الخليفة ابو الخليفة

اليوم تناولت فنجان شاي صاموطي( نصت نهار) مع احمد المختار في المكتب

و غايتو ما جبنا سيرة زول


طبعا حديثك عن المعايير المحاسبية الدولية او
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS

بذكرني بوعد كنت قطعته في اخد بوستاتك عن محاولة العمل علي فتح بوست
قدح اذهان عن معايير المحاسبة الوطنية السودانية
فعلا بدأت في تجميع معلومات تاريخية عن ماهية واهمية المعايير الوطنية
و ارتباطها بالانظمة الديمقراطية والتي توجد بها فصل بين السلطات و قضاء مستقل
وبها فصل مؤسسي بين السياسة النقدية و السياسة المالية
و لكن وحال السودان الحاضر يحتاج لعمر نوح لتصنيفه هل هو شمولي أوشموراطي او شيطاناتي
لا يمكن طرح هكذا موضوع ..... ولكن وحتي لا يعتبر هذا تراجع عن الالتزام احاول وخلال هذا الربع
ان افترع خيطاعن اهمية ان تكون هنالك معايير تقارير مالية وطنية NFRS


اما بخصوص موقف امريكا من المعايير فهي تصدر و تعدل وفقا لحراك الاقتصاد الامريكي التشريعات
الامريكية وخاصة فيما يتعلق بالاسهم والسندات مرتبطة بالمنظمة التي تصدر المعايير و لكن الحكومة
الامريكية تتعامل مع المعايير علي اساس انها اصدرات عالمية و ليست امريكية و لكن صاحب العقل يميز


شكرا علي المرور و تحايا عطره لكل افراد الاسرة

Term of the Day

brand development index (BDI)

Percentage of a brand's sales in a particular area in relation to the percentage of the country's population in that area. If a brand has 10 percent of sales, for example, in an area where the 20 percent of country's people live then its BDI in that area is 50 (10 x 100 ÷ 20). BDI indicates where significant groups of a brand's customers live and helps direct marketing efforts.

Term of the Day

economic growth

Increase in a country's productive capacity, as measured by comparing gross national product (GNP) in a year with the GNP in the previous year.

Increase in the capital stock, advances in technology, and improvement in the quality and level of literacy are considered to be the principal causes of economic growth. In recent years, the idea of sustainable development has brought in additional factors such as environmentally sound processes that must be taken into account in growing an economy

Term of the Day

Creditor

A party to whom money is owed.Common classifications of a creditor include (1) Secured: who has a legal right to take a specific property of the borrower and sell it in case of a default. (2) Unsecured: who does not have any such right. (3) Preferential or senior: who takes precedence over other creditors in laying claim to a bankrupt borrower's property. (4) Junior: whose claim is addressed after satisfying the claims of preferential or senior creditors

Term of the Day

(key performance indicators (KPI

Key business statistics such as number of new orders, cash collection efficiency, and return on investment (ROI), which measure a firm's performance in critical areas. KPIs show the progress (or lack of it) toward realizing the firm's objectives or strategic plans by monitoring activities which (if not properly performed) would likely cause severe losses or outright failure.

Term of the Day

operating activities

An activity that directly affects an organization's cash inflows and outflows, and determine its net income. Cash inflows result from sales of goods or services, sale of shares, and from income earned on investments. Cash outflows result from equipment and inventory purchases, interest and principal payments on loans, salaries, dividends, and various other costs and expenses.

Term of the Day


interim dividend

Distribution of profits to stockholders (shareholders) before a firm's annual earnings have been computed, or at any time between two successive annual general meetings (AGM). Interim dividend is generally paid quarterly in the US and half-yearly in the UK. Firms paying interim dividend try to be reasonably certain they can afford it, and make the necessary adjustments (if any) in the subsequent or year-end dividend payments.

Term of the Day

private equity

Money invested in firms which have not 'gone public' and therefore are not listed on any stock exchange. Private equity is highly illiquid because sellers of private stocks (called private securities) must first locate willing buyers. Investors in private equity are generally compensated when: (1) the firm goes public, (2) it is sold or merges with another firm, or (3) it is recapitalized .

Term of the Day


marshalling of assets

Legal rule that directs the claims of creditors of an insolvent debtor to achieve a fair distribution of debtor's assets among them. For example (between two creditors), if one has recourse to one source of funds and the other has recourse to two such sources, the funds will be marshaled by the court so that the claims of both creditors are satisfied in the most equitable manner.

Term of the Day

options premium

Amount the option buyer pays and the option seller receives for granting the specified rights for the specified period under the option. Option price market price of an option contract depending on factors such as its intrinsic value, time remaining before its expiration, and fluctuations in the value of the underlying asset.

Term of the Day

information technology (IT)

Set of tools, processes, and methodologies (such as coding/programming, data communications, data conversion, storage and retrieval, systems analysis and design, systems control) and associated equipment employed to collect, process, and present information. In broad terms, IT also includes office automation, multimedia, and telecommunications.

Term of the Day

fixed income investment

Money invested in bonds, certificates of deposit, preferred stock (preference shares), etc., which regularly generate a fixed amount of interest income. Such investments are preferable during periods of low inflation, but their worth is eroded during periods of high inflation. Also called fixed interest investment

Term of the Day

underwater

A call option whose strike price is higher than the market price of the underlying security, or a put option whose strike price is lower than the market price of the underlying security. Thus, there is no incentive to exercise the option today. However, the option still has "time value", value based on the fact that the prices of the underlier can change. This "time value" diminishes as the option approaches maturity

Term of the Day


non profit organization (NPO)

Associations, charities, cooperatives, and other voluntary organizations formed to further cultural, educational, religious, professional, or public service objectives. Their startup funding is provided by their members, trustees, or others who do not expect repayment, and who do not share in the organization's profits or losses which are retained or absorbed. Approved, incorporated, or registered NPOs are usually granted tax exemptions, and contributions to them are often tax deductible. Most non governmental organizations (NGOs) are NPOs. Also called not for profit organization.

Term of the Day

pollution

Presence of matter (gas, liquid, solid) or energy (heat, noise, radiation) whose nature, location, or quantity directly or indirectly alters characteristics or processes of any part of the environment, and causes (or has the potential to cause) damage to the condition, health, safety, or welfare of animals, humans, plants, or property.

Term of the Day


creative accounting

Use of unorthodox 'massage parlor' techniques which, while following provisions of GAAP, paint a desired (negative or positive, as the case may be) picture of a firm's finances. For example, selling an asset (whose market value is high but book value is low) to create non-operating profit that offsets operating loss. Unlike cooking the books, creative accounting is generally legal. Euphemistically also called financial engineering or earnings management

Term of the Day


equitable remedy

Court order that forces a defendant to perform his or her part of a contract, instead of imposing a fine (for non-performance or breach of contract) that lets the defendant 'buy' himself or herself out of his or her obligations under the contract. Courts take this step when they are of the opinion that a payment of damages only is not good enough for a just settlement of the case.

Term of the Day


initial public offering IPO

First offering of a firms' stock (shares) on the stockmarket, at the time it 'goes public.' Because a stockmarket usually values the stock on the expectations of the firm's future growth and income, IPOs are typically an opportunity for the founders and other early investors to make high profits by cashing their stockholdings.

Quote: اختنا الغالية بت الخليفة ود الخليفة ابو الخليفة اليوم تناولت فنجان شاي صاموطي( نصت نهار) مع احمد المختار في المكتب و غايتو ما جبنا سيرة زول طبعا حديثك عن المعايير المحاسبية الدولية او International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS بذكرني بوعد كنت قطعته في اخد بوستاتك عن محاولة العمل علي فتح بوست قدح اذهان عن معايير المحاسبة الوطنية السودانية فعلا بدأت في تجميع معلومات تاريخية عن ماهية واهمية المعايير الوطنية و ارتباطها بالانظمة الديمقراطية والتي توجد بها فصل بين السلطات و قضاء مستقل وبها فصل مؤسسي بين السياسة النقدية و السياسة المالية و لكن وحال السودان الحاضر يحتاج لعمر نوح لتصنيفه هل هو شمولي أوشموراطي او شيطاناتي لا يمكن طرح هكذا موضوع ..... ولكن وحتي لا يعتبر هذا تراجع عن الالتزام احاول وخلال هذا الربع ان افترع خيطاعن اهمية ان تكون هنالك معايير تقارير مالية وطنية NFRS اما بخصوص موقف امريكا من المعايير فهي تصدر و تعدل وفقا لحراك الاقتصاد الامريكي التشريعات الامريكية وخاصة فيما يتعلق بالاسهم والسندات مرتبطة بالمنظمة التي تصدر المعايير و لكن الحكومة الامريكية تتعامل مع المعايير علي اساس انها اصدرات عالمية و ليست امريكية و لكن صاحب العقل يميز شكرا علي المرور و تحايا عطره لكل افراد الاسرة Osman

بخت احمد المختار بيك والله
واحشني الزول ده، لووول
امريكا موقفها شبه واضح من تبني المعايير، و هو موقف مصالح، زي قصتهم مع اتفاقية كيوتو بتاعة البيئة ديك
فكرة المعايير السودانية حلوة و محتاجة ليها بوست رااايق
ياريييت، وقت ما يناسبك و اكون متعهدة البوست معاك، لووول
الوالد بيسلم عليك و بيشكرك :)

Quote: بخت احمد المختار بيك والله واحشني الزول ده، لووول امريكا موقفها شبه واضح من تبني المعايير، و هو موقف مصالح، زي قصتهم مع اتفاقية كيوتو بتاعة البيئة ديك فكرة المعايير السودانية حلوة و محتاجة ليها بوست رااايق ياريييت، وقت ما يناسبك و اكون متعهدة البوست معاك، لووول الوالد بيسلم عليك و بيشكرك :)

يا دكتورة عارفه احمد فعلا زول بركة مره اتصل بي من اديس ابابا احتجت له تاني يوم بس انا ما كان عندي رقم محفوظ ليهو
في اديس ابابا و طبعا اللفه الطويلة حيلة العاجز تلفون لي نادرين عشان نادرين تتصل بي ايمان طلع انه ايمان في ج افريقيا
خلاص نشوف سامي طلع انه سامي وين كده ماعارف و نحن لسه في الدويرة دي طلع احمد باشا وصل الخرطوم و اتصل

موضوع المعايير ان شاء الله بقعد ليهو وخليك جاهزة


امانة عليك كل ما تتصلي علي مولانا توصلي مني سلام شديد

Term of the Day

revenue

The income generated from sale of goods or services, or any other use of capital or assets, associated with the main operations of an organization before any costs or expenses are deducted. Revenue is shown usually as the top item in an income (profit and loss) statement from which all charges, costs, and expenses are subtracted to arrive at net income. Also called sales, or (in the UK) turnover.

Term of the Day

inventory to cost of sales ratio

Percentage of cost of sales attributable to average inventory. A decreasing number indicates higher efficiency in use of resources; an increasing number suggests potential cash flow problems due to greater sums tied up in inventory. Formula: (Average inventory during a period ÷ cost of sales during that period) x 100.

Term of the Day

horizontal integration

The merger of companies at the same stage of production in the same or different industries. When the products of both companies are similar, it is a merger of competitors. When all producers of a good or service in a market merge, it is the creation of a monopoly. If only a few competitors remain, it is termed an oligopoly. Also called lateral integration. See also vertical integration.

Term of the Day

fundamental analysis

Method of evaluating a security (bond, note, share) by investigating the intrinsic (fundamental) value of the business that issued the security. Fundamental analysts believe that a firm's (1) competitive advantage, (2) earnings growth, (3) sales revenue growth, (4) market share, (6) financial reserves, and (6) quality of management all reflected in its financial statements and together called 'fundamental information' are the true indicators of its earning potential and future value of its securities. In contrast, proponents of technical analysis focus on the past and present movements in the market price of a security to estimate its future value.

Term of the Day


notice

Written or formal information, notification, or warning about a fact, required to be made in law or imparted by an operation of law. A party is deemed to have cognizance of a fact if the party (1) has actual knowledge of it, (2) has received notice of it, (3) ought reasonably to know it, (4) knows about a related or associated fact, or (5) would have known by making reasonable enquiries about it.

Term of the Day

Taylor Rule

A rule that suggests appropriate adjustments to interest rates, based on various economic factors such as inflation and employment rate. The rule indicates that if inflation or employment rates are higher than desired, interest rates should be increased in response to these conditions, and the opposite action should be taken under the opposite conditions. The Federal Reserve Board seems to take this rule under consideration, but does not always follow its suggestions when adjusting the interest rate. This rule was developed by John Taylor, a 20th century economist.

Term of the Day

above par

Bond, share, or other security selling at a price higher than its par value is said to be selling at above par or 'at premium.' Bond prices are stated on a scale where the par value (whatever the amount) is assigned the number 100, and the premium is shown as a factor of 100. For example, a bond with a par value of $1,000 and priced at 110 is selling at $1,100. Also called at a premium or at premium.

Term of the Day

equity method

Method of accounting used by a parent firm for monies invested in the subsidiaries. The parent firm records the investment in its balance sheet at a valuation that takes into account the profits and losses of the subsidiaries since their acquisition. Also called equity accounting. See also cost method.

Term of the Day

dynamic asset allocation

An investing strategy that seeks to expose an investor to a wide variety of investments without putting the principal at risk. The allocation is dynamic because the investment shifts between a zero-coupon bond or interest-bearing security and an underlying equity investment. A dynamic asset allocation is used in constant proportion portfolio insurance. also called guaranteed linked notes.

Term of the Day

dividend discount model

Mathematical formula used generally by stockbrokers to determine the selling price of a firm's stock (shares). Based on the discounted value of the expected future dividend amounts, it is used usually to spot firms that are undervalued by the stockmarket but have potential for high returns

Term of the Day

market

An actual or nominal place where forces of demand and supply operate, and where buyers and sellers interact (directly or through intermediaries) to trade goods, services, or contracts or instruments, for money or barter.Markets include mechanisms or means for (1) determining price of the traded item, (2) communicating the price information, (3) facilitating deals and transactions, and (4) effecting distribution. The market for a particular item is made up of existing and potential customers who need it and have the ability and willingness to pay for it.

Term of the Day

illiquid

Firm without enough cash to meet its current needs and obligations. Illiquidity is one of the major causes of business failure because a firm can survive without profit for a while but not without cash. Even firms rich in fixed assets (land, buildings, machinery) become insolvent from want of cash because it takes time to convert these assets into cash, and that too usually at a loss in value.

Term of the Day

corporate policy

Usually, a documented set of broad guidelines, formulated after an analysis of all internal and external factors that can affect a firm's objectives, operations, and plans. Formulated by the firm's board of directors, corporate policy lays down the firm's response to known and knowable situations and circumstances. It also determines the formulation and implementation of strategy, and directs and restricts the plans, decisions, and actions of the firm's officers in achievement of its objectives. Also called company policy.

Term of the Day

empowerment

A management practice of sharing information, rewards, and power with employees so that they can take initiative and make decisions to solve problems and improve service and performance.Empowerment is based on the idea that giving employees skills, resources, authority, opportunity, motivation, as well holding them responsible and accountable for outcomes of their actions, will contribute to their competence and satisfaction

Term of the Day

balance sheet ratios

Comparisons of balance sheet items to gain insight into the (1) changes in the financial position, (2) strength/weakness of the financial position, and (3) relationship between different items. Two basic balance sheet ratios are the debt ratio (total debt ÷ total assets) and debt to equity ratio (total debt ÷ total equity).

Term of the Day

aggregator model

Electronic commerce business model where a firm (that does not produce or warehouses any item) collects (aggregates) information on goods and/or services from several competing sources at its website. The firm's strength lies in its ability to create an 'environment' which draws visitors to its website, and in designing a system which allows easy matching of prices and specifications. See also affiliate model.

الاخ عثمان رغيم

لطالما وددت المشاركة في هذا البوست الأهم، ولكن لا عذر لي سوى دوامة سك العملة اللي نحن فيها...
وعبر هذا البوست أزجي التحية للاخت رحاب الخليفة، ودعني اقدم للعزيز القاريء تعريفا لل(IFRS)
التي وردت في حديثك وربنا يقدرنا على المجادعة معك فيةهذا البوست لفائدتنا جميعا:


International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
Definition
A set of accounting standards, used worldwide, for how different kinds of transactions should be recorded in balance sheets and general ledgers. The Accounting Standards Board publishes and updates the International Financial Reporting Standards, in an effort to standardize accepted accounting practices across international boundaries.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
Definition
A set of accounting standards, used worldwide, for how different kinds of transactions should be recorded in balance sheets and general ledgers. The Accounting Standards Board publishes and updates the International Financial Reporting Standards, in an effort to standardize accepted accounting practices across international boundaries.

Quote: لطالما وددت المشاركة في هذا البوست الأهم، ولكن لا عذر لي سوى دوامة سك العملة اللي نحن فيها... وعبر هذا البوست أزجي التحية للاخت رحاب الخليفة، ودعني اقدم للعزيز القاريء تعريفا لل(IFRS) التي وردت في حديثك وربنا يقدرنا على المجادعة معك فيةهذا البوست لفائدتنا جميعا:

لك الشكر الجزيل و ننتظر مساهماتك
وفيما يخص المعايير الوطنية جاري العمل علي ساق واحدة

و تقبل تحيات د. رحاب بت الخليفة

Term of the Day
job

A group of homogeneous tasks related by similarity of functions. When performed by an employee in an exchange for pay, a job consists of duties, responsibilities, and tasks (performance elements) that are (1) defined and specific, and (2) can be accomplished, quantified, measured, and rated. From a wider perspective, a job is synonymous with a role and includes the physical and social aspects of a work environment. Often, individuals identify themselves with their job or role (foreman, supervisor, engineer, etc.) and derive motivation from its uniqueness or usefulness

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Term of the Day

groupware

Specialized workgroup software (such as Lotus Notes) that provides structure and means to collaborate, exchange ideas, debate, decide, and coordinate activities. It allows the members of a team to use the same pool of data, via connection to a local or wide-area network (such as Internet) spanning countries and continents. Also called collaborative tools.

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Term of the Day

business tax

Five major types of business taxes are: (1) corporate franchise tax, (2) employment (withholding) tax, (3) excise tax, (4) gross-receipts tax, and (5) value added tax (VAT). Some types of firms (such as insurance, mining, and petroleum extraction companies) pay additional taxes peculiar to their industries. While firms too pay income, property, and sales taxes, such taxes are not specific to businesses. In terms of economic impact, however, all taxes are 'people taxes' because they affect human beings and not some abstraction labeled 'business.' Also called business activity tax

Term of the Day

externalities

Factors whose benefits (called external economies) and costs (called external diseconomies) are not reflected in the market price of goods and services. Externalities are a loss or gain in the welfare of one party resulting from an activity of another party, without there being any compensation for the losing party. Externalities are an important consideration in cost-benefit analysis.

Term of the Day

blue collar

Refers to employees whose job entails (largely or entirely) physical labor, such as in a factory or workshop. For a piece of work to be termed blue collar, it should be directly related to the output generated by the firm, and its end result should be identifiable or tangible. Historically, in the West, manual workers wore blue shirt collars but clerical workers wore white.

Term of the Day

middle class

Social class usually comprising of white-collar (non-manual) workers, lower-level managers, and small business owners, often constituting about one-third of the employed population of a country. The income of this class is higher than that of the working-class but lower than that of the upper-middle class (doctors, engineers, lawyers, middle-size business owners) and upper class.

Term of the Day

(acceptable use policy (AUP

Corporate, organizational, or internet service provider's rules governing use of computers, networks, and associated resources. In general, an AUP states that employees, or users (1) should not try to access system areas for which they do not have authorization, (2) are accountable for what they do, (3) should use the system only for its designed purposes, (4) are responsible for the confidentiality of their passwords, (5) should refrain from illegal activities, and unethical or obscene online (internet) behavior, and (6) should not access pornographic material on the internet.

Term of the Day

simple interest

Interest computed only on the principal and (unlike compound interest) not on principal plus interest earned or incurred in the previous period(s). Simple interest is used commonly in
variable rate consumer lending and in mortgage loans where a borrower pays interest only on funds used. Formula: Principal amount x Annual interest rate x Number of years.

Term of the Day

quality circle (QC)

Participative management technique within the framework of a companywide quality system in which small teams of (usually 6 to 12) employees voluntarily form to define and solve a quality or performance related problem. In Japan (where this practice originated) quality circles are an integral part of enterprise management and are called quality control circles.

Term of the Day

simple interest


Interest computed only on the principal and (unlike compound interest) not on principal plus interest earned or incurred in the previous period(s). Simple interest is used commonly in variable rate consumer lending and in mortgage loans where a borrower pays interest only on funds used. Formula: Principal amount x Annual interest rate x Number of years.

Term of the Day

appraisal value

Appraiser's opinion (not determination) of the current worth of a property based on factors such as area, location, improvements, and amenities. Generally, this value is arrived at by using one of three methods: (1) Cost approach, (2) Income approach, or (3) Market comparison approach. Not to be confused with assessed value. Also called appraised value.

Term of the Day

data

Information in raw or unorganized form (such as alphabets, numbers, or symbols) that refer to, or represent, conditions, ideas, or objects. Data is limitless and present everywhere in the universe. See also information and knowledge. Computers: Symbols or signals that are input, stored, and processed by a computer, for output as usable information

Term of the Day

lockout

Industrial action during which an employer withholds work, and denies employees access to the place of work. In effect, it is a strike by the management to compel a settlement to a labor dispute on terms favorable to the employer. When lock out action is taken by several employers in concert, it is called a joint lockout. Also called shut out.

Term of the Day

financial statement

Summary report that shows how a firm has used the funds entrusted to it by its stockholders (shareholders) and lenders, and what is its current financial position. The three basic financial statements are the (1) balance sheet, which shows firm's assets, liabilities, and net worth on a stated date; (2) income statement (also called profit & loss account), which shows how the net income of the firm is arrived at over a stated period, and (3) cash flow statement, which shows the inflows and outflows of cash caused by the firm's activities during a stated period. Also called business financials

Term of the Day

extrapolation

Statistical technique of inferring unknown from the known. It attempts to predict future data by relying on historical data, such as estimating the size of a population a few years from now on the basis of current population size and its rate of growth. Extrapolation may be valid where the present circumstances do not indicate any interruption in the long-established past trends. However, a straight line extrapolation (where a short-term trend is believed to continue far in into future) is fraught with risk because some unforeseeable factors almost always intervene. See also interpolation.

Term of the Day

rationalization

Corporate: Selling off or closing down some plants or units to reorganize a firm's operations to be more in line with its core competencies, in the interest of efficiency, or as a cost cutting measure. Often used as a euphemism for firing employees. See also downsizing. Psychological: Attribution of reasonableness or socially acceptable motives to an action, behavior, or decision with plausible explanations, while hiding (or being unconscious of) the true motives. See also defense mechanism.

Term of the Day

debenture

A promissory note or a corporate bond which (in the US) is backed generally only by the reputation and integrity of the borrower and (in the UK) by the borrower's specific assets. When unsecured, it is called a bare debenture or naked debenture; when secured by a charge on a specific property, it is called a mortgage debenture.

Term of the Day

seed capital

Comparatively small amount of capital contributed in the very beginning by a firm's founder(s). It is rarely provided by lenders or institutional investors because startup is the riskiest stage in a firm's life cycle with the highest chance of failure. Also called front end money, front money, or startup capital.

Term of the Day

consistency principle

Accounting: The idea in accounting that once an accounting method is adopted, it should be followed consistently from one accounting period to the next. If, for any reason, the accounting method is changed, a full disclosure of the change and an explanation of its effects on the items of the financial statements must be given. One of the duties of an auditor is to make sure the consistency principle is being followed because, without this, any change might make correct interpretation of the financial data impossible. Also called consistency concept. See also accounting concepts

Term of the Day

generic strategies

Basic approaches to strategic planning that can be adopted by any firm in any market or industry to improve its competitive performance. The three fundamental marketing strategies (which, though different, are not mutually exclusive) are: differentiation strategy, focus strategy, and low cost strategy

Term of the Day

control

Manufacturing: Device or mechanism installed or instituted to guide or regulate the activities or operation of an apparatus, machine, person, or system. Law: Ownership of controlling shares in a company. See management control.

Term of the Day

work breakdown structure (WBS(

Project network-modeling step in which the entire job is graphically subdivided into manageable work elements (tasks). WBS displays the relationship of each task to the other tasks, to the whole and the end product (goal or objective). It shows the allocation of responsibility, and identifies resources required and time available, at each stage for project monitoring and management. Also called activity decomposition chart.

Term of the Day

inspection

Critical appraisal involving examination, measurement, testing, gauging, and comparison of materials or items. An inspection determines if the material or item is in proper quantity and condition, and if it conforms to the applicable or specified requirements. Inspection is generally divided into three categories: (1) Receiving inspection, (2) In-process inspection, and (3) Final inspection. In quality control (which is guided by the principle that "Quality cannot be inspected into a product") the role of inspection is to verify and validate the variance data; it does not involve separating the good from the bad.

Term of the Day

discretionary account

Power of attorney arrangement in which a customer gives limited or complete authority to an agent (bank, broker, or investment-portfolio manager) to buy and/or sell securities or commodities on the customer's behalf without the customer's prior approval or knowledge. Also called controlled account

Term of the Day

absorption costing

A method of costing a product in which all fixed and variable costs are apportioned to cost centers where they are accounted for using absorption rates. This method ensures that all incurred costs are recovered from the selling price of a good or service. Also called full absorption costing

Term of the Day

article

Particular item or thing, specially the one being acquired under a contract or purchase order. Distinct but integral part of a document (such as a contract, constitution, or statute) identified by a unique number. Piece of nonfictional writing on a specific topic, identified by its title and often by its author(s), and published with other such literary works.

Term of the Day

stop order

Client's order to a broker to buy or sell a commodity or security when a specified price is reached, either above (on a buy order) or below (on a sell order) the price current at the time the order is given. A stop order to sell becomes a market order when the item is offered at or below the specified price. A stop order to buy becomes a market order when the item is bid at or above the specified price

Term of the Day

organizational structure

The framework, typically hierarchical, within which an organization arranges its lines of authority and communications, and allocates rights and duties. Organizational structure determines the manner and extent to which roles, power, and responsibilities are delegated, controlled, and coordinated, and how information flows between levels of management. An structure depends entirely on the organization's objectives and the strategy chosen to achieve them. In a centralized structure, the decision making power is concentrated in the top layer of the management and tight control is exercised over departments and divisions. In a decentralized structure, the decision making power is distributed and the departments and divisions have varying degrees of autonomy. An organizational chart illustrates the organizational structure

Term of the Day

flow chart

Pictorial summary (graphical algorithm) of the decisions (such as production, storage, transportation) and flows (movement of information and materials) that make up a procedure or process from beginning to end. One of the seven tools of quality, a flow chart shows how the entire system functions, and where error and wastes occur. This information is used in defining, documenting, studying, and improving the system. Also called flow diagram, flow process chart, or network diagram

Term of the Day

pro rata

Proportionate allocation or distribution of a quantity (such as costs, income, shares, taxes) on the basis of a common factor. For example, profit is generally divided among several stockholders (shareholders) on the basis of the amount of stock (number of shares) held by each. Latin for, according to the rate.

Term of the Day

solvency ratios

Mathematical comparisons of different components of an entity's financial statements to determine its solvency. Common solvency ratios are (1) Current liabilities to inventory ratio, (2) Current liabilities to net worth ratio, (3) Current ratio, (4) Fixed assets to net worth ratio, (5) Quick ratio, and (6) Total liabilities to net worth Ratio.

Term of the Day

bear market


Period in which prices of securities or commodities fall by 20 percent or more. During such periods (1) investment interest is generally limited, (2) concerns about the state of the economy abound, and (3) dealers or speculators are more inclined in selling their investment portfolios than to increase their risk by holding. See also bull market

Term of the Day

pegging

Commodities trading: Control by commodity exchanges of price fluctuations by tying the daily trading limits to the previous trading day's settlement (close) price. Currency trading: Control of exchange rate fluctuations by a government through (1) tying a currency's value to the value of a stronger currency, (2) buying and selling own currency to increase or decrease its demand. Securities trading: Manipulation of a new issue's market price by its underwriter through large purchases on the stockmarket. Similar manipulation of already issued securities is illegal.

Term of the Day

underwriting agreement

Securities-purchase contract between an underwriter or underwriting syndicate and an issuer of bonds or shares. Among other terms, it specifies the price at which the security will be offered to the public (public offering price), underwriter's profit margin (underwriting spread), and the date by which the payments must be settled (settlement date).

Term of the Day

bankruptcy

Legal procedure for liquidating a business (or property owned by an individual) which cannot fully pay its debts out of its current assets. Bankruptcy can be brought upon itself by an insolvent debtor (called 'voluntary bankruptcy') or it can be forced on court orders issued on creditors' petition (called 'involuntary bankruptcy'). Two major objectives of a bankruptcy are (1) fair settlement of the legal claims of the creditors through an equitable distribution of debtor's assets, and (2) to provide the debtor an opportunity for fresh start. Bankruptcy amounts to a business-failure, but voluntary winding up does not. See also insolvency