الأرض!

Quote: The Power of Place Why we are hard-wired to become attached to a particular piece of land—and how these primal tendencies may be playing out in Israeli-Palestinian disputes. Wray Herbert Newsweek Web Exclusive Land disputes are as ancient as mankind, but the notion of national land is relatively new in human history. In prehistoric days, emotional attachments to "place" were more personal and sacred than abstract and legalistic. Yet as the most recent conflict in Israel and Palestine reminds us, people are more than willing to shed blood over a parcel of desert. Why is that? What is it about a particular plot of land that stirs such deep passions in us? One emerging theory is that emotional ties to a specific place are a kind of magical thinking, an ancient belief in the power of contagion. Eons before modern germ theory, our ancestors came to believe that "essences" were passed on through physical contact. This was an adaptive belief back then, because it offered some protection against infection and so forth, but these taboos are often irrational when expressed today. Yet they are hard to shake because they're deep-wired into our neurons. At least that's the theory, and there is considerable laboratory research to support the idea that humans imbue objects or land with positive or negative associations—whether it's rational or not. For example, people express a deep aversion to wearing a sweater worn by Adolf Hitler, even though that's completely irrational. Or, they refuse to eat food that's been touched by a cockroach, even if the cockroach has been sterilized in a lab setting. People also believe in positive essences—wearing a revered grandmother's ring, for instance—but bad essences usually trump the good ones. So, for example, Mother Teresa probably couldn't have decontaminated Hitler's sweater by wearing it; for most people, it's permanently tainted. Two University of Pennsylvania scientists decided to explore the role of contagion beliefs in the ongoing land disputes of the Middle East, specifically the land of Israel. They figured that land, at least as much as jewelry or clothing, could be perceived as having either good or bad essences. Indeed, ancestral Jewish land could be imbued with associations so powerful that they would make trading or forfeiting the land taboo—even for an equivalent plot of land elsewhere. Enemy-occupied land would similarly be imbued with negative essences, thus creating a fundamental psychological conflict over the land of Israel. How does this primeval cognitive battle play out in the modern Jewish mind? As part of this research, psychologists Paul Rozin and Sharon Wolf devised a laboratory tool to measure peoples' propensity for positive and negative contagion beliefs, and they used it to study both Israelis and American Jews, surveying a total of 318 subjects. They also asked them a variety of specific questions about their attachment to the land of Israel: Would they trade any part of East Jerusalem? The Temple Mount? An unoccupied parcel of Israeli land? And if so, to whom? Syria? Jordan? Both Israelis and American Jews considered the land of Israel "untradeable." This was true not only for sacred sites like East Jerusalem, but also for unnamed parcels of border property. When asked about Har Herzl, a burial ground for the Zionist leader Teodor Herzl and assassinated Prime Minister Itzak Rabin, fully 83 percent of Israelis and 70 percent of American Jews said they "would never trade it for land, or anything else." This basically puts the land of Israel in a category with one's children or one's religion—completely off the table. But Rozin and Wolf, who released these findings last spring, wanted to sort out the psychology underlying such strong land attachments. So they asked some hypothetical questions about Har Herzl. First, they told the volunteers to imagine that an earthquake hit Jerusalem, destroying the cemetery and removing 50 feet of earth; all of the bodies have been moved to a different burial site. Would you now trade Har Herzl? Then they added another wrinkle: Imagine that, after the earthquake, a prison was built on the site of Har Herzl, specifically for Palestinian political prisoners. The prison has existed for a decade. Would you now trade the land? The idea was to see what it is about the land that Jews are really attached to emotionally—and what it would take to sever those attachments. And it appears it's the soil that contains the ancestral essences. Following the hypothetical earthquake, significantly fewer were rigidly opposed to trading the land (39 percent of Israelis, compared to 85 percent before the earthquake). Even fewer were opposed to trading after the land had been "contaminated" by the enemy presence in the imaginary prison. But not all. A significant number of participants held steadfastly to their no-trade views even following the presence of a perceived enemy for 10 years. Land that has long been occupied by an "enemy"—not only in Gaza, but various Mideast regions—should be infused with negative associations and the subjects of the study should not be attached to it. Indeed, if the Hitler-Mother Teresa finding holds true, the negative associations should overpower the positive ones for both groups. Yet many Jews remain attached to enemy-occupied land, just as many Arabs have strong emotional ties to parts of Israel. One possible explanation, the psychologists say, is that original positive associations establish priority, trumping negative essences that come later. There are of course a lot of other issues at work in the current Gaza conflict, but the scientists controlled for many of them—feelings of vulnerability, political views about Israel, and so forth. They didn't diminish the positive, primal attachment to the land itself. It seems the ancient magic stakes a psychological claim that is hard to shake.

(عدل بواسطة هاشم الحسن on 01-19-2009, 02:42 AM)

Quote: ان المحاولات التي تجري الان بشأن معالجة بعض المسائل تتعلق بالارض في دارفور والتى تعرف بحواكير القبائل علي اساس تأريخى امر له مردوده علي فلسفة بناء الدوله الحديثة والتي من المفترض ان تستفيد من الارض جميع السودانيين

Quote: ويا ريت واحد فنان يشرح لينا ماهي ملكية عين وملكية منفعة وملك حكر وملك حر وماهي اراضي كونتمخلص وماهي اراضي امدوم وماهي تعويضات بيت المال وعن علاقة المزارعين بارض مشروع الجزيرة والمقينص واقدي والدالي والمزموم

Quote: الفكره جميله شديد يا تبارك و عمليه، سبقتني علي طرح فكره الورقه الجماعيه دي، لي كم شهر بحاول اكمل ورقه بديتها عن مشاكل العمل الطوعي في السودان و غالبني و شفت ورقه علميه عن موضوع تاني بنفس الاسلوب، بس وكتي ما ساعد

Quote: أهم شى انو ما تغيرى لينا موضوع الأرض دا ...

Quote: نحن دناقلة وشدة ما موضوع الأرض دا مهم عندنا ... بنتسمّى بيها عديل كدة ... يعنى جدنا الكبير (أو فى الحقيقة حبوبتنا الكبيرة) هى أرض دنقلا .. كذلك المحس والحلفاويين والسكوت .. وأهلنا (نوبة جبال) لديهم نفس عادة ربط القبيلة بالأرض التى تسكنها (أو الجبل) ....

Quote: مناقشة جذور الصراع الذي دار و يدور في بلادنا على أساس أنه قائم على الصراع على الأرض ( و مواردها بشكل أدق) دون تحميل الدولة مسؤوليتها فيه لعظمها هو ضرب من الإلتفاف على الموضوع آمل ألا نقع فيه غافلين أو عامدين.

Quote: 1 – طرح مسألة الاستيطان الاجنبي علي مستوى القومى بشكل اكثر دقة وجدية باعتبار ان هذا شأن كل السودان مع التأكيد رفضنا بوجودهم ليس في المنطقة فحسب بل في اي مكان في السودان والزامهم بدفع تعويضات عن الاضرار الناجمة عن الاستيطان ونظير الخدمات التى حصلوا عليها كالتعليم والصحة 2 -الزام السلطة المركزية بتمويل ودعم مشروع ابعاد الاجانب وكل الترتببات الامنية المتعلقة بها بصفة خاصة باعتبارها شاركت او هى المسؤلة من ايجاد هذا الوضع المخل عن قصد سواء في الفترة الديموقراطية او اللاحقة لها 3 -الزام المرجعيات من الادارة الاهلية واتخاذ كل الاساليب المشروعة لتحديد الاجانب وطردهم 4 -- -الزام جميع القبائل التى انتزعت ارضى الغير و استوطنت بصفة جماعية الي العودة من حيث اتوا علي الاقل الفترة التى يتم فيها تحديد هوية كل فرد في دارفور ليس بسبب ان هذه الاراضى عادت ملكيتها لقبيلة او لجهه ما انما لتأكيد المرجعية كضرورة للترتيبات الامنية العمل علي ايجاد وزارة الهجرة علي مستوى القومى وخاصة ان كل الدراسات تؤكد ان سكان السودان يمكن ان تتضاعف في اقل من عقدين من الزمان اذا ما تحسنت المستوي المعيشى للفرد لكونها مفتوحة علي كل افريقيا جغرافيا ومع العالم العربي سياسيا 5- السعى لجعل مدينة نيالا مقرا لوزارة الداخلية علي الاقل الفترة الانتقالية واعادة بناء الاجهزة التى يراد بها انجاز هذا المشروع 6- تطوير الادارة الاهلية وجعلها جزء من المنظومة الادارية خاضعة للمحاسبة وتقييم ادائها والقدرات الفكرية لشاغلى وظائفها 7-حزمة من التشريعات المفصلة الجادة تنظم علاقة انسان بالارض وصلاحيات الادارة المحلية وربط الاستفادة من الارض بالامن 8 -رفض مفهوم الدية وخاصة تلك التى تدفعها الدولة لكونها تشجع علي القتل بطريقة مباشرة فضلا عن اموال الدولة لا ينبغى التصرف فيه لانقاذ اي مجرم فيدلا من ذلك يجب محاكمته حتى يأمن الناس شره للابد