عفـوا فإن عدد اللغات الحيـة حسب الدراسـة المنقولـة منهـا هـذه القائمـة هى 134، ولك أستطع تغييـر العنوان.
Acheron [acz] Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, southern Nuba Hills. Alternate names: Garme. Dialects: Eastern Acheron, Western Acheron. Not a dialect of Moro. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Tocho
Acholi [ach] 45,000 in Sudan (2000). Southern Sudan, Opari District, Acholi Hills. Alternate names: Acoli, Atscholi, Shuli, Gang, Lwo, Akoli, Acooli, Log Acoli, Dok Acoli. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi, Lango-Acholi
Afitti [aft] 4,512 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills, eastern Jebel ed Dair. Main center is Sidra. Alternate names: Ditti, Unietti, Affitti, Dinik. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with Ama. Lexical similarity 59% with Ama. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Western, Nyimang
Aja [aja] 200 (1993 SIL). Southern Sudan, Western Bahr el Ghazal Province. Also in the western Central African Republic, along the Sudan border, near the Shinko and Sapo rivers. Alternate names: Ajja, Adja. Dialects: They consider themselves to be a Kresh tribe, but their language is not intelligible to the Kresh. Santandrea reports it to be halfway between Banda and Kresh; nearer to Banda in vocabulary and Kresh in structure. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Kresh
Aka [soh] 300 (1989 Bender). Northern Sudan, Sillok (Silak) Hills, west of the main Berta-speaking people. Alternate names: Sillok, Jebels Sillok, Jebel Silak, Fa-C-Aka. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Eastern Jebel, Aka-Kelo-Molo
Ama [nyi] 70,000 (1982 SIL). Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, northwest of Dilling on range of hills of which Jebel Nyimang is a part, and on the Mandal range. Alternate names: Nyimang, Inyimang, Nyima, Nyiman. Dialects: Lexical similarity 59% with Afitti. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Western, Nyimang
Anuak [anu] 52,000 in Sudan (1991 UBS). Population total all countries: 97,646. Upper Nile Province, Pibor and Lower Akobo rivers. From Akobo Post to latitude 6.45N. Also spoken in Ethiopia. Alternate names: Anywak, Anywa, Yambo, Jambo, Nuro, Anyuak, Dho Anywaa. Dialects: Closer to Acholi and Luo of Uganda than to Shilluk. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Anuak
Arabic, Standard [arb] Middle East, North Africa. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
Arabic, Sudanese Creole [pga] 20,000 (1987). Southern Sudan, in the towns and many villages all over Equatoria Region, and up into Bahr al Ghazal and Upper Nile regions. Refugees have gone to other countries. Alternate names: Juba Arabic, Southern Sudan Arabic, Pidgin Arabic. Dialects: Difficult intelligibility of Nubi, Sudanese Arabic, or Modern Standard Arabic. Classification: Creole, Arabic based
Arabic, Sudanese Spoken [apd] 15,000,000 in Sudan (1991). Population total all countries: 18,986,000. Northern Sudan primarily. Also spoken in Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia. Alternate names: Khartoum Arabic. Dialects: Khartoum, Western Sudanese, North Kordofan Arabic, Ja'ali, Shukri. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
Avokaya [avu] 40,000 in Sudan (2002). Population total all countries: 65,000. Southern Sudan, Western Equatorial Province. The Ajugu dialect is on the Sudan-Congo border south of Maridi, the Ojila dialect is mainly between the Naam (Era) and Olo rivers and farther east. Also spoken in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Alternate names: Abukeia, Avukaya. Dialects: Ojila (Odzila, Odziliwa), Ajugu (Adjiga, Ojiga, Agamoru). Close to Logo. Avokaya Pur near Faradje is closer to Logo than to the Ojila dialect of Sudan. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central
Bai [bdj] 2,500 (1971 Welmers). Southern Sudan, Western District, on Wau-Deim Zubeir road, west of Sere. A few north of Tembura. 2 villages. Alternate names: Bari. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Bai-Viri
Baka [bdh] 25,000 in Sudan (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 26,300. Southern Sudan, Western Equatoria Province, south and west of Maridi, northwest of Yei. Also spoken in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Alternate names: Tara Baka. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Baka
Banda, Mid-Southern [bjo] Southern Sudan, town of Sopo, near Central African Republic border, and refugees in Khartoum. Dialects: Dukpu, Wasa. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern
Banda, Togbo-Vara [tor] Southern Sudan. Dialects: Togbo (Tohgboh, Tagbo). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Togbo-Vara
Banda, West Central [bbp] 3,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL). Between Wau and Mboro. Alternate names: Golo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, West Central
Banda-Banda [bpd] Southern Sudan, town of Sopo near Central African Republic border. Refugees in Khartoum. Dialects: Govoro (Govhoroh), Vidiri (Mvedere, Vodere, Vidri, Vadara), Wundu. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Banda
Banda-Mbrès [bqk] Southern Sudan, town of Sopo, near the Central African Republic border, and refugees in Khartoum. Alternate names: Banda of Mbrés, Banda-Mbre. Dialects: Buka (Bouka), Mbre (Mbere, Mbele), Moruba (Morouba, Maraba), Sabanga (Sangbanga), Wada (Ouadda). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Mbres
Banda-Ndélé [bfl] Southern Sudan, town of Sopo near the Central African Republic border, and refugees in Khartoum. Alternate names: Banda of Ndélé, Nyele. Dialects: Junguru (Djingburu, Nguru), Tangbago (Tambolo, Tambaggo, Tombaggo, Tangago), Banda-Kpaya. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Ndele
Bari [bfa] 420,000 in Sudan (2000). Population includes 26,400 in Kuku, 18,000 in Nyangbara, 3,400 in Nyepu, 25,000 in Pojulu. Population total all countries: 480,000. Southern Sudan, both banks of the Nile, south of Terakeka on the west bank, south of Mongalla on the east bank, as far as the Kajo Kaji Escarpment, from 5.30N on left bank, 5.15N on right bank to just south of latitude 4.15N. Also spoken in Uganda. Alternate names: Beri. Dialects: Kuku, Nyangbara (Nyangwara, Nyambara), Nyepu (Nyefu, Nyepo, Nypho, Ngyepu), Pöjulu (Pajulu, Fadjulu, Fajelu, Madi), Ligo (Liggo). Lexical similarity 86% with Ngyepu, 85% with Pöjulu, 81% with Kuku, 80% with Nyanggwara, 71% with Mondari, 73% with Kakwa. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Eastern, Bari
Bedawi [bej] 951,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL). Population includes 30,000 Hadendoa, 15,000 Bisharin (1992). Population total all countries: 1,178,000. Northeastern Sudan along the Red Sea coast. Also spoken in Egypt, Eritrea. Alternate names: Beja, Bedawiye, Bedauye, To-Bedawie, Bedja. Dialects: Hadendoa (Hadendowa, Hadendiwa), Hadareb (Hadaareb), Bisharin (Bisariab), Beni-Amir. Little vocabulary in common with other Cu####ic languages, but a great deal of the verbal morphology is similar. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Cu####ic, North
Belanda Bor [bxb] 8,000 (1983 SIL). Southern Sudan, between Wau and Tambura; villages of Raffili, Tirga, Bazia, Ayo, Gitten, Taban in Bahr-el-Ghazal; villages of Komai, Nagero, Bangazegino, and Tambura in W. Equatoria. Alternate names: De Bor. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Bor
Belanda Viri [bvi] 16,000 (1971 Welmers). Southern Sudan, scattered villages (Bringi, Bagari, Dadu, Ngoku, Ngisa, Farajallah, Ngotakala, Ngongba, Natabo, Momoyi, and some others), around Raffili, on the Wau road, on the Kuru River, 40 miles from Deim Zubeir, around Tembura among the Zande, on the Iba River near Yambio. Alternate names: Viri, Bviri, Biri, Gumba, Gamba, Mbegumba, Mvegumba, Belanda. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Bai-Viri
Beli [blm] 6,600 (1982 SIL). Population includes 5,000 Beli, 1,600 Sopi. Southern Sudan. One group is southwest of Rumbek, at Wulu, westward along the road to Bahr Gel and south toward the southern border of Lakes Province. In some areas they are heavily intermingled with Dinka. Another group lives east of Mvolo and has no links with the first group. They are centered around Bahri Girinti (Lake Nyiropo) just west of Yei River. Alternate names: Behli, Beili, Jur Beli, 'Beli. Dialects: Wulu, Bahri Girinti, Sopi (Supi). Lexical similarity 46% with Jur Modo, 45% with Bongo, 41% with Mo'da and Morokodo, 39% with Baka. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli
Berta [wti] 22,000 in Sudan. Blue Nile Province, on the Ethiopia border. Alternate names: Barta, Burta, "Beni Shangul", Wetawit. Dialects: Shuru, Bake, Undu, Mayu, Fadashi. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Berta
Boguru [bqu] 494 in Sudan. Mariko, Baambu, Ibba, Bagasu. Also spoken in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Alternate names: Koguru, Kogoro, Buguru. Dialects: Boguru, Bukur (Bukum, Bukuru). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, Unclassified
Bongo [bot] 10,084 (2000 WCD). A large sparsely populated area reaching from Tonj and Wau on the north, the Beli on the east, the Zande on the south, and the Bor on the west. Alternate names: Bungu, Dor. Dialects: Busere Bongo, Tonj Bongo, Bungo. Slight dialect differences between those on the River Busere, who have had Zande influence, and those around Tonj. Bungo dialect has minor differences. Close to the Jur Beli cluster. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Bongo
Burun [bdi] 18,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Northern Sudan, Blue Nile Province. Alternate names: Barun, Lange, Cai, Borun. Dialects: Ragreig, Abuldugu (Bogon, Mugo-Mborkoina), Maiak, Mufwa (Mopo), Mughaja (Mugaja, Mumughadja). Some southern dialects are intelligible with Mabaan. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Maban-Burun, Burun
Dagik [dec] Population 38,000 including Ngile speakers (1982 SIL). Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains, on some outlying hills in Mesakin Hills, Reika village. Alternate names: Masakin, Masakin Dagig, Dagig, Reikha, Dengebu, Masakin Gusar, Buram. Dialects: Lexical similarity 80% with Ngile (closest). Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Ngile-Dengebu
Dair [drb] 1,000 (1978 GR). Northern Sudan, west and south parts of Jebel Dair, Kordofan. Alternate names: Daier, Thaminyi. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified
Daju, Dar Fur [daj] 143,053 (2000 WCD). Northern Sudan, Dar Fur Province, in the Daju Hills 25 miles northeast of Nyala. Also in Geneina District in Dar Masalit. The West Kordofan dialect is in the Daju Hills near Lagowa, with main settlements at Dar el Kabira (Kidong), Silecce and Warina; also Jebel Miheila, Nyukri, and Tamanyik. Alternate names: Nyala-Lagowa, Fininga, Dagu, Daju Ferne, Beke. Dialects: Nyala, Lagowa. Lexical similarity 83% between Nyala and Lagowa, 74% with Sila, 62% with Shatt, 56% with Logorik. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Western, Daju, Western Daju
Daju, Dar Sila [dau] Northern Sudan. Nearly all those Daju of Dar Sila who are in Sudan have migrated into Dar Fur and settled there in recent times. Alternate names: Sila, Sula, Mongo-Sila, Bokor, Bokoruge, Bokorike. Dialects: Mongo, Sila. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Western, Daju, Western Daju
Didinga [did] 100,000 (2000). 1997 parish survey indicated population of 117,000, but it is not clear if this is entirely Didinga. Southern Sudan, Didinga Hills (about 60km. northeast of the junction of the Sudan, Kenya and Uganda borders) and north of Nagishot. Alternate names: 'Di'dinga, Xaroxa, Toi, Lango. Dialects: Ethnic groups: Chukudum, Lowudo. Slight differences in speech between Chukudum and Lowudo, apparently mainly phonetic. Lexical similarity 83% with Narim, 71% with Murle. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim
Dilling [dil] 5,295 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, Southern Kordofan, town of Dilling and surrounding hills, including Kudr. Alternate names: Delen, Warki, Warkimbe. Dialects: Dilling, Debri. Lexical similarity 94% with Debri, 93% with Kadaru. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified
Dinka, Northeastern [dip] 320,000 (1986 UBS). Population includes 7,200 Abialang, 9,000 Dongjol, 2,500 Luac, 16,000 Ngok-Sobat, 20,000 Jok, 13,500 Ageer, 2,000 Rut, 400 Thoi. Southern Sudan, northeast of the Sudd, along both sides of the White Nile, and along the Sobat River. Alternate names: Padang, White Nile Dinka. Dialects: Abiliang (Dinka Ibrahim, Akoon, Bawom, Bowom), Dongjol, Luac (Luaic), Ngok-Sobat (Ngork, Jok), Ageer (Ager, Ageir, Abuya, Beer, Niel, Nyel, Paloc, Paloic), Rut, Thoi. Lexical similarity 92% with Northwestern Dinka, 88% with Southwestern Dinka, 88% with Southeastern Dinka, 86% with South Central Dinka. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka
Dinka, Northwestern [diw] 80,000 (1986). Southern Sudan, north of the Bahr el Ghazal River, and southern Kordofan around Abyei. Alternate names: Ruweng. Dialects: Alor, Ngok-Kordofan, Pan Aru, Pawany. A separate language from other Dinka (J. Duerksen SIL). Lexical similarity 88% with Southwestern Dinka and Southeastern Dinka, 84% with South Central Dinka. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka
Dinka, South Central [dib] 250,000. Population includes 2,000 Aker, 2,000 Thany, 22,000 Ciec, 25,000 Gok (Tucker and Bryan). (Total Dinka 2,000,000 or more). Southern Sudan, west of the Nile, south of the Sudd. Aker is southeast of the Agar; Aliap is south of the Bor in a few fishing villages mainly on the east bank of the Nile. Ciec is in Lakes District on the west bank of the Nile. Gok is between the Agar and the Rek in Jur River and Lakes districts. Alternate names: Agar, Central Dinka. Dialects: Aliap (Aliab, Thany, Aker), Ciec (Ciem, Cic, Chiech, Kwac, Ajak, Ador), Gok (Gauk, Cok), Agar. Gok is also influenced by Southwestern Dinka and has a number of Arabic loans. Agar is becoming accepted as the educational standard for South Central Dinka. Lexical similarity 90% with Southeastern Dinka. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka
Dinka, Southeastern [dks] 250,000. Population includes 21,000 Atoc, 9,000 Ghol, 4,000 Nyarueng, 35,000 Twi, 21,000 Bor Gok (Tucker and Bryan). 500,000 including South Central (Agar) and Southeastern (Bor) (1982 UBS). Southern Sudan, east of the Nile, around Bor, and northwards. Alternate names: Bor, Eastern Dinka. Dialects: Bor (Bor Gok), Athoc (Athoic, Atoc, Borathoi, Bor Athoic), Ghol, Nyarweng (Nyarueng, Narreweng), Tuic (Twi). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka
Dinka, Southwestern [dik] 450,000 (1982 UBS). Population includes 55,000 Abiem, 15,000 Luac, 40,000 Malual, 17,000 Paliet, 35,000 Palioupiny, 50,000 Tuic. Southern Sudan, north and northwest of Wau. Alternate names: Rek, Western Dinka. Dialects: Rek (Raik), Abiem (Ajong Dit, Ajong Thi, Akany Kok, Akern Jok, Apuoth, Apwoth, Anei), Aguok (Agwok), Apuk, Awan, Lau, Luac, Malual (Malwal, Atoktou, Duliit, Korok, Makem, Peth), Paliet (Baliet, Ajak, Buoncwai, Bon Shwai, Bwoncwai, Kongder, Kondair, Thany Bur, Tainbour), Palioupiny (Palioping, Akjuet, Akwang, Ayat, Cimel, Gomjuer), Tuic (Twic, Twich, Twij, Adhiang, Amiol, Nyang, Thon). Luac dialect is different from Luac dialect in Northeastern Dinka. Lexical similarity 89% with South Central Dinka, 90% with Southeastern Dinka. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka
Domari [rmt] Northern Sudan. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Dom
Dongotono [ddd] 6,219 (2000 WCD). Southern Sudan, eastern Equatoria Province, Dongotono Hills southeast of Torit. Dialects: Lexical similarity 60% with Otuho. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo
El Hugeirat [elh] 200 (2000 Brenzinger). Northern Sudan, West Kordofan on El Hugeirat Hills. Alternate names: El Hagarat. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified
Feroge [fer] 8,000 (1982 SIL). Southern Sudan, Western Bahr el Ghazal at Khor Shamam, 8 miles northeast of Raga. Alternate names: Ferroge, Feroghe, Kaligi, Kaliki, Kalige, Kalike. Dialects: Indri, Mangaya, and Togoyo are closely related languages. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Feroge-Mangaya
Fulfulde, Adamawa [fub] 90,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL). Northern Sudan, Blue Nile and Kordofan regions. Alternate names: Fellata. Dialects: Gombe. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fulani-Wolof, Fula, Eastern
Fur [fvr] 500,000 in Sudan (1983 Bender). Population total all countries: 501,800. Northern Sudan, Dar Fur. Also spoken in Chad. Alternate names: For, Fora, Fordunga, Furawi, Furakang, Forta, Forok, Konjara, Kungara, Yerge, Onage, Korra, Kadirgi, Kurka, Dala, Lali. Dialects: Largely uniform with some dialect differences. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Fur
Gaam [tbi] 67,166 (2000 WCD). Northern Sudan. The main center is in and around Jebel Tabi, on Tabi Massif and outlying hills. A small community in Khartoum. Not in Ethiopia. Alternate names: Ingassana, Ingessana, Tabi, Metabi, Muntabi, Mamedja, Mamidza, Kamanidi. Dialects: Soda (Tao), Kukur (Gor), Kulang (Kulelek, Bau), Buwahg (Buek). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Eastern Jebel, Gaam
Gbaya [krs] 16,000 in Sudan (1987 SIL). Southern Sudan, Western Bahr el Ghazal Province. At Kuru, Deim Zubeir, Raga, Angbanga, Kata, Menangba, Boro, Kafia Kingi. The Dongo are reported by Fr. Santandrea to be in Hobbinya District of Southern Dar Fur Province. Also communities in Wau and Khartoum. Largest numbers in Raga and Boro. A few refugees have settled in Central African Republic and elsewhere. Also spoken in Central African Republic. Alternate names: Kresh, Kreish, Kreich, Kredj, Kparla, Kpala, Kpara. Dialects: Naka (Kresh-Boro), Gbaya-Ndogo (Kresh-Ndogo), Gbaya-Ngbongbo (Kresh-Hofra), Gbaya-Gboko, Orlo (Woro), Gbaya-Dara, Dongo. 8 tribes and dialects. Gbaya-Ndogo is prestigious and understood by all. Naka is largest and also well understood. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Kresh
Ghulfan [ghl] 16,000 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, Kordofan, in two hill ranges 25 to 30 miles south of Dilling: Ghulfan Kurgul and Ghulfan Morung. Alternate names: Gulfan, Wunci, Wuncimbe. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Nubian, Central, Hill, Kadaru-Ghulfan
Gula [kcm] 200 to 2,000 in Sudan (1987 SIL). Southern Sudan at Kafia Kingi in extreme western Bahr el Ghazal Province and at Kata. Alternate names: Kara, Kara of Sudan, Yamegi. Dialects: Gula (Goula), Nguru (Bubu, Koyo). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara
Gumuz [guk] 40,000 in Sudan. Northern Sudan, east of Er Roseires, around Famaka and Fazoglo on the Blue Nile and northwards along the Ethiopia border. Alternate names: Mendeya, Debatsa, Deguba, Dehenda, Gumis, Gombo, Shankillinya, Shanqilla. Dialects: Disoha (Desua), Dakunza (Degoja, Dukunza, Gunza, Ganza, Dukuna, Dugunza), Sai, Sese (Saysay), Dekoka, Dewiya, Kukwaya, Gombo, Jemhwa, Modea. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Komuz, Gumuz
Hausa [hau] 489,000 in Sudan (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Northern Sudan. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1
Heiban [hbn] 4,412 (1984). Northern Sudan, around Heiban, Abul (Obul), and nearby hills. In Heiban town on the Abri-Talodi road. Alternate names: Ebang, Abul. Dialects: Lexical similarity 90% with Laro (closest). Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Ebang-Logol, Ebang-Laru
Indri [idr] 700. Southern Sudan, southwest, in a small area around Raga. Alternate names: Yanderika, Yandirika. Dialects: Closest to Feroge. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Indri-Togoyo
Jumjum [jum] 50,374 (2000 WCD). Northern Upper Nile Province, along Khor Jumjum on Jebels Tunga, Terta, and Wadega. Alternate names: Berin, Olga, Wadega. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Maban-Burun, Maban
Jur Modo [bex] 100,000 (2004 SIL). Southern Sudan, vicinity of Mvolo and on the Naam (Olo) River. Alternate names: Modo, Jur. Dialects: Lori, Modo (Jur Modo, Modo Lali), Wira, Wetu. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli
Kacipo-Balesi [koe] 10,000 in Sudan (2003). Almost completely monolingual. Population total all countries: 14,120. Southern Sudan, on the Boma Plateau among the Murle, near the Ethiopian border. Also spoken in Ethiopia. Dialects: Kichepo, Suri, Western Suri. Related to Murle and Didinga. Pronoun differences between Balesi and Zilmamu. Lexical similarity 40% to 54% with Murle, 35% with Mursi. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Surmic, South, Southwest, Kacipo-Balesi
Kadaru [kdu] 12,360 (2000 WCD). Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba mountains, Kadaru Hills between Dilling and Delami. Alternate names: Kadaro, Kadero, Kaderu, Kodoro, Kodhin, Kodhinniai. Dialects: Kadaru (Kodur), Kururu (Tagle), Kafir (Ka'e), Kurtala (Ngokra), Dabatna (Kaaral), Kuldaji (Kendal). Lexical similarity 93% with Dilling, 92% to 87% with Debri, 60% with Birked. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Nubian, Central, Hill, Kadaru-Ghulfan
Kakwa [keo] 40,000 in Sudan (1978 SIL). Southern Sudan, Yei District, extending into Democratic Republic of the Congo in the west at Aba and in the south around Mahagi. Alternate names: Bari Kakwa, Kakua, Kwakwak, Kakwak. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Eastern, Bari
Kanga [kcp] 8,000 (1989). Northern Sudan, Miri Hills, west and southwest of Kadugli. The most southwesterly hills of the Nuba Mountains. The Kufa cluster of villages lies southeast of Miri, northeast of Lima, and north of Kanga. Four main villages in Kufa: Toole, Lenyaguyox, Bilenya, and 'Dologi. Toole was the main centre. Dialects: Abu Sinun, Chiroro-Kursi, Kanga, Kufa-Lima, Krongo Abdalla. Lexical similarity 85% with Tumma (closest). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Unclassified
Kanuri, Central [knc] 195,000 in Sudan (1993 Johnstone). Northern. Alternate names: Yerwa Kanuri, Kanouri, Bornu, Bornouans, Kanoury, Kole, Sirata, "Beriberi". Dialects: Dagara, Kaga (Kagama), Sugurti, Lare, Kwayam, Njesko, Kabari (Kuvuri), Ngazar, Guvja, Mao, Temageri, Fadawa, Maiduguri. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri
Karko [kko] 12,986 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, Kordofan, in Karko Hills 20 miles west of Dilling, including Dulman. May also be spoken on Abu Jinik to the west (1,000) and El Tabaq southwest of Katla (800). Alternate names: Garko, Kithonirishe. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified
Katcha-Kadugli-Miri [xtc] 81,500 (2004 SIL). Population includes 48,864 Kadugli and Katcha, 4,000 Miri (1987 Baumann) and 6,500 Tumma (1956 census). Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, in the southern hills of the Nuba Hills area. Katcha is in villages of Katcha, Tuna, Kafina, Dabakaya (Donga), Belanya, and Farouq, a short distance south of Kadugli and southeast of the Miri Hills. Kadugli is also in villages surrounding Kadugli, namely, Murta, Kulba, 'Daalimo, Thappare, and Takko. Miri villages of Miri Bara, Miri Guwa, Umduiu, Nyimodu, Luba, Kadoda, Kya, Tulluk, Hayar al-Nimr, Kuduru, Kasari, and Sogolle lie west of Kadugli. Dialects: Katcha (Tolubi, Dholubi), Kadugli (Dakalla, Talla, Dhalla, Toma Ma Dalla, Kudugli, Morta), Miri, Damba, Tumma. R. C. Stevenson treats them as dialects of one language. Ruhlen (1987) and Schadeberg (1989) treat them as separate. Samir Bulus says that Tumma is dialect of Katcha. Lexical similarity 85% among Katcha, Kadugli, and Miri, 88% between Kadugli and Damba. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Unclassified
Katla [kcr] 14,208 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills, Katla Hills 35 miles southwest of Dilling. Alternate names: Akalak, Kalak. Dialects: Bombori, Kateik, Kiddu, Kirkpong, Karoka, Koldrong, Julud (Gulud). Related to Tima. The dialects listed are place names where variations are spoken. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Katla
Keiga [kec] 6,072 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills area, Jebel Demik, north of Miri, western part of Kadugli Province. Three areas: Ambong (villages: Ambong, Ambongadi, Kandang, Kuluwaring, Tingiragadi, Lakkadi, Taffor, Arungekkaadi, Bila Ndulang, Roofik, Saadhing); Lubung (villages: Kuwaik, Tungunungunu, Miya Ntaarang, Miya Ntaluwa, Miya Ndumuru, Semalili); Tumuro (villages: Koolo, Kayide, Jughuba, Tumuro). Alternate names: Yega, Keiga-Timero, Keiga-Al-Kheil, Demik, Aigang. Dialects: Demik (Rofik), Keiga (Aigang). Lexical similarity 60% with closest Kadugli languages. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Unclassified
Keliko [kbo] 10,000 in Sudan (1998 SIL). Population total all countries: 22,500. Southern Sudan, southern part of Yei District. Also spoken in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda. Alternate names: Kaliko. Dialects: Eastern Keliko, Western Keliko. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central
Kelo [xel] 200. Northern Sudan, Tornasi Hills; Jebels Tornasi (Keeli village) and Beni Sheko. West of Berta speaking people. Alternate names: Tornasi, Kelo-Beni Sheko, Ndu-Faa-Keelo. Dialects: Beni Sheko, Kelo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Eastern Jebel, Aka-Kelo-Molo
Kenuzi-Dongola [kzh] 180,000 in Sudan (1996). Population total all countries: 280,000. Northern Sudan, mainly at Dongola and surrounding villages in Northern Province. The northern boundary with Nobiin is at Burgeg. Also spoken in Egypt. Alternate names: Dongola-Kenuz, Nile Nubian, Dongolawi. Dialects: Dongola, Kenuzi (Kenuz, Kunuzi). Not intelligible with Nobiin. Lexical similarity 67% with Nobiin, 56% with Debri. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Nubian, Central, Dongolawi
Ko [fuj] 2,683 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, on small isolated hills in the extreme eastern part of the Nuba hills, between Talodi and the White Nile. Alternate names: Kau, Fungor, Fungur. Dialects: Kau (Ko), Nyaro. Nyaro and Kau may be the same dialect. Lexical similarity 67% with Warnang (closest). Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, Eastern
Koalib [kib] 44,258 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, southern Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains, around Delami, including Umm Berumbita and Turum (Nguqwurang), south and southwest of Abri around Koalib range (Ngunduna), at and around Nyukwur, also at Umm Heitan and Hadra (Nginyukwur), in villages scattered over the plain around Abri (Ngirere). Alternate names: Kawalib, Kowalib, Ngirere, Nirere, Rere, Lgalige, Abri. Dialects: Nguqwurang, Ngunduna, Nginyukwur, Ngirere, Ngemere. Lexical similarity 75% with closest Heiban languages. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Rere
Komo [xom] 10,000 in Sudan (1979 James). Population total all countries: 11,500. Northern Sudan, around Ahmar, Tombak, and Yabus rivers, in southern Funj Region of Blue Nile Province. Also spoken in Ethiopia. Alternate names: Koma of Daga, Como, Central Koma, Gokwom, Hayahaya, Madiin. Dialects: Beilla, Chali. Those listed as dialects may be separate languages. Lexical similarity 52% with Uduk. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Komuz, Koman
Krongo [kgo] 21,688 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, Krongo Hills, south of Masakin range and west of Talodi, Kordofan Province. Mainly in Tabanya, Toroji and Angolo, and also in Damaguto, Dimadragu, Dimodongo, and Dar. Alternate names: Korongo, Kurungu, Kadumodi, Tabanya, Dimodongo. Dialects: Fama-Teis-Kua. Lexical similarity 85% with Tumtum. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Unclassified
Lafofa [laf] 600 (2000 Brenzinger). Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills, central Eliri range, and on two hills to the south and east. Dialects: Jebel El Amira (El Amira), Jebel Tekeim (Jebel, Tekeim, Tegem), Lafofa. Lexical similarity 25% with closest languages. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Tegem
Lango [lno] 20,000 (1987 SIL). Southern Sudan, eastern Equatoria Province, Torit District. Alternate names: Langgo. Dialects: A separate language from Otuho. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo
Laro [lro] 40,000 (1998 local). Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills on the hills of Laro (Alleira) and a few small hills nearby. Alternate names: Laru, Aaleira, Yillaro, Ngwullaro. Dialects: Tunduli, Laro. Lexical similarity 90% with Heiban (closest). Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Ebang-Logol, Ebang-Laru
Logol [lof] 7,811 (2000 WCD). Northern Sudan, on small isolated hills in the extreme eastern part of the Nuba Hills, between Talodi and the White Nile. Alternate names: Lukha. Dialects: Lexical similarity 85% with Otoro (closest). Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Ebang-Logol, Logol
Logorik [liu] 2,000 (1971 Welmers). Northern Sudan, central Nuba Mountains, Jebel Liguri and other hills northeast of Kadugli. Alternate names: Liguri. Dialects: Saburi, Tallau (Talau, Talo), Liguri. Lexical similarity 64% with Shatt, 56% with Daju of Dar Fur (Nyala and Lagowa), 57% with Sila. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Western, Daju, Eastern Daju
Lokoya [lky] 40,138 (2000 WCD). Southern Sudan, eastern Equatoria, Torit District. Alternate names: Lokoiya, Lokoja, Loquia, Lowoi, Owoi, Loirya, Oirya, Ellyria, Oxoriok, Koyo. Dialects: Lexical similarity 64% with Otuho, 57% with Lopit, 56% with Dongotono. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo
Lopit [lpx] 50,000 (1995 Scott Randal). Southern Sudan, eastern Equatoria Province, Lopit Hills, northeast of Torit. Alternate names: Loppit, Lopid, Lofit, Lafite, Lafit, Lafiit. Dialects: Lexical similarity 63% with Otuho. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo
Lumun [lmd] 45,000 (1980 local count). Northern Sudan, Talodi, Moro Hills; villages Toromathan, To'ri, and Canya'ru. Alternate names: Lomon, Kuku-Lumun. Dialects: Lexical similarity 70% with closest Talodi languages. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Tocho
Luwo [lwo] 80,000 (1983 census). Southern Sudan, Bahr el Ghazal, north of Wau toward Aweil, southeast of Wau as far as Tonj. Alternate names: Lwo, Jur Luo, Jur Lwo, Jo Lwo, Dhe Lwo, Dhe Luwo, Giur. Dialects: Different from Lwo of Uganda, or Luo of Kenya and Tanzania, but related. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Jur
Mabaan [mfz] 50,418 (2000 WCD). On the border of Blue Nile and Upper Nile provinces, between Yabus and Tombak rivers in the north and Khor Daga in the south. Not in Ethiopia. Alternate names: Maaban, Meban, Southern Burun, Gura, Tungan, Barga, Tonko, Ulu. Dialects: Partially intelligible with some southern dialects of Burun. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Maban-Burun, Maban
Ma'di [mhi] 18,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL). Southern Sudan, Equatoria Province, Madi Subdistrict, Opari District, West Nile District. Alternate names: Ma'adi, Ma'diti. Dialects: Pandikeri, Lokai, Burulo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Southern
Mandari [mqu] 115,997 (2000 WCD). Southern Sudan, near Bari; 1 division around Tali, the other on both sides of the Nile between Tombe and Mongalla. Alternate names: Mondari, Mundari, Shir, Chir, Kir. Dialects: A different language and culture from Bari. Lexical similarity 75% with Nyanggwara, 71% with Bari and Ngyepu, 70% with Pöjulu, 66% with Kuku, 61% with Kakwa. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Eastern, Bari
Mangayat [myj] 400 (1987 SIL). Southern Sudan, in Western Bahr el Ghazal, some in Raga, most in Mangayat, 18 miles southeast of Raga. Alternate names: Mangaya, Mongaiyat, Bug, Buga. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Feroge-Mangaya
Masalit [mls] 173,810 in Sudan (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 240,520. Northern Sudan, Dar Fur Province, Dar Masalit and Nyala District, scattered colonies in Dar Fongoro and to the south and east, and Gedaref Region; Geneina, Mistere, and Habila Kajangise. Also spoken in Chad. Alternate names: Massalit, Kaana Masala, Jwisince. Dialects: The dialect in Dar Masalit in Dar Fur differs from that spoken in Nyala District. Lexical similarity 36% with Karanga, 42% with Maba, 45% with Marfa. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Maban, Mabang, Masalit
Midob [mei] 50,000 (1993 R. Werner). Northern Sudan, Dar Fur Province, Jebel Midob, and settled communities in Omdurman and Gezira Aba. The center is Malha. Alternate names: Meidob, Midobi, Tidda, Tid, Tid-N-Aal. Dialects: Shelkota (Shalkota), Kaageddi, Urrti (Uurti). Lexical similarity 51% with Birgid (closest). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Nubian, Western
Mo'da [gbn] 600 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Southern Sudan, northwest of Mvolo on both sides of the border of Lakes and Western Equatoria provinces. Alternate names: Gberi, Gweri, Gbara, Muda. Dialects: Lexical similarity 64% with Morokodo, 58% with Jur Modo, 41% with Beli, 49% with Bongo, 38% with Baka. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli, Morokodo-Mo'da
Molo [zmo] 100 (1988 M.L. Bender). At Jebel Malkan, near the Berta language, south of the Blue Nile, near the Ethiopian border. Alternate names: Malkan, Tura-Ka-Molo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Eastern Jebel, Aka-Kelo-Molo
Moro [mor] 30,000 (1982 SIL). Northern Sudan, eastern Nuba Mountains, Kordofan Province. Alternate names: Dhimorong. Dialects: Umm Dorein (Longorban), Umm Gabralla (Toberelda), Nderre, Laiyen, Nubwa, Ulba, Werria. Lexical similarity 75% with Tira (closest). Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Western
Morokodo [mgc] 3,400 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Population includes 280 Biti. Southern Sudan, in the area between Amadi and Maridi. Alternate names: Ma'di. Dialects: Biti, Ma'du, Morokodo. A dialect cluster. Lexical similarity 63% with Jur Modo, 41% with Beli, 45% with Bongo, 43% with Baka. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli, Morokodo-Mo'da
Moru [mgd] 70,000 (1982 SIL). Population includes 1,200 Agi, 2,500 Andri, 5,000 Kadiro, 9,000 Miza, 400 Wa'di. Southern Sudan, Mundri District, Equatoria Province. Alternate names: Kala Moru. Dialects: Agi, Andri, 'Bali'ba, Kadiro, Lakama'di, Miza, Moruwa'di. Andri and 'Bali'ba dialects are similar, Kadiro and Lakama'di are nearly identical. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Northern
Mündü [muh] 23,000 in Sudan. Population total all countries: 25,800. Southern Sudan, western Equatoria Province northwest of Yei and in Moru District south of Maridi. Also spoken in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Alternate names: Mundo, Mountou, Mondu, Mondo. Dialects: Shatt. Closest to Mayogo and Bangba of Democratic Republic of the Congo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Eastern, Mundu
Murle [mur] 60,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL). Population total all countries: 60,200. Southern Sudan, Upper Nile Province, Pibor District, south of the Akobo River, Boma Plateau, and to east and north. Also spoken in Ethiopia. Alternate names: Murelei, Merule, Mourle, Murule, Beir, Ajibba, Agiba, Adkibba. Dialects: Related to Didinga. Subgroups: Lotilla, Boma, Olam (Ngalam). Maacir may be a dialect or ethnic group. Lexical similarity 74% with Narim, 71% with Didinga. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Murle
Narim [loh] 3,623 (1983 Fukui). Southern Sudan, western Boya Hills, around Mt. Kosodek and Mt. Lobuli. Alternate names: Larim, Larimo, Lariim, Nariim, Longarim, Lariminit. Dialects: Lexical similarity 74% with Murle, 83% with Didinga. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim
Nding [eli] 400 (1971 Welmers). Northern Sudan, southern Eliri range. Alternate names: Eliri. Dialects: Lexical similarity 70% with closest Talodi languages. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Nding
Ndogo [ndz] 23,343 (2000 WCD). Few monolinguals. Southern Sudan, Western District along Wau-Deim Zubeir Road between Mboro and Kpango rivers. A few are north of Tembura among the Zande. Not in Central African Republic. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Ndogo-Sere
Ngile [jle] 38,000 (1982 SIL). Population includes Dajik. Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains, in Mesakin Hills on some outlying hills. Alternate names: Masakin, Mesakin, Daloka, Taloka, Darra. Dialects: Aheima (El Akheimar), Daloka (Taloka), Masakin Gusar (Mesakin Qusar, Masakin Buram), Masakin Tuwal (Tiwal, Towal). Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Ngile-Dengebu
Njalgulgule [njl] 900 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Southern Sudan, on the Sopo River just above the Sopo-Boro confluence, and west of the Dinka. 1 village. Alternate names: Nyolge, Nyoolne, Ngulgule, Begi, Bege, Beko, Njangulgule. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Western, Daju, Western Daju
Nobiin [fia] 295,000 in Sudan (1996). Population total all countries: 495,000. Northern Province, northwards from Burgeg to the Egyptian border at Wadi Halfa. Also at New Halfa in Kassala Province. Also spoken in Egypt. Alternate names: Mahas-Fiadidja, Mahas-Fiyadikkya, Fiadidja-Mahas. Dialects: Mahas (Mahasi, Mahass), Fiyadikka (Fedicca, Fadicha, Fadicca, Fadija, Fiadidja). Not intelligible with Kenuzi-Dongola. Lexical similarity 67% with Kenuzi-Dongola. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Nubian, Northern
Nuer [nus] 740,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL). Population includes 2,935 Western Jikany, 12,500 Lou, 1,100 Nyuong, 2,500 Thiang, 5,900 Bul, 2,400 Jagai, 6,700 Laak, 4,900 Leik, 1,600 Door, 17,600 Eastern Jikany (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Population total all countries: 804,907. Southern Sudan, east Upper Nile Province, in the region of Nasir on the upper Sobat River, in and around a triangle formed between Bahr el Zeraf and Bahr el Jebel, and extending up the Sobat River across the Ethiopian border. Also spoken in Ethiopia. Alternate names: Naath, Naadh. Dialects: Dor (Door), Eastern Jikany (Jikain, Jekaing), Abigar, Western Jikany, Cien, Thognaath (Thok Nath), Lou (Lau), Nyuong, Thiang (Bul, Gawaar, Jagai, Laak, Leik). Dialects correspond mainly to geographic divisions. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Nuer
Nyamusa-Molo [nwm] 1,200 Nyamusa (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Southern Sudan, western Equatoria Province, southeast of Beli, northeast of Morokodo. Dialects: Nyamusa, Molo. Lexical similarity 84% between Nyamusa and Molo, 70% to 75% with Jur Modo dialect cluster. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli, Morokodo-Mo'da
Olu'bo [lul] 15,000 (1985 SIL). Southern Sudan, eastern Equatoria Province, about 30 miles east of the Nile River. Main town Lokiliri, between Juba-Torit and Juba-Nimule roads. Alternate names: Luluba, Olubogo, Oluboti, Lulubo, Ondoe, Lolubo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Southern
Opuuo [lgn] Upper Nile Province, around Kigille and Maiwut on Ethiopia border. Alternate names: Opo-####a, Opo, Opuo, "Langa", ####a, ####ta, Cita, Ciita, Ansita, Kina, Kwina. Dialects: Buldit, Kusgilo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Komuz, Koman
Otoro [otr] 10,000 (2001). Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains Region, Otoro Hills south of Heiban and west of the Heiban-Talodi road. Alternate names: Utoro, Dhitoro, Litoro, Kawama, Kawarma. Dialects: Dugujur, Dukwara, Dorobe, Dogoridi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Ebang-Logol, Utoro
Otuho [lot] 135,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Population includes Dongotono (1998), 2,500 Koriot, 1,000 Lomya. Southern Sudan, Torit District, eastern Equatoria Province, east and southeast of the Luluba and the Lokoya. Alternate names: Lotuko, Lotuho, Lotuxo, Lotuka, Lattuka, Latuko, Latuka, Latooka, Otuxo, Olotorit. Dialects: Koriok, Logiri (Logir), Lomya (Lomia), Lorwama, Lowudo (Loudo, Lauda), Logotok. Lexical similarity 64% with Lokoya, 63% with Lopit, 60% with Dongotono. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo
Päri [lkr] 28,000 (1987 SIL). Southern Sudan, E. Equatoria Province, on Jebel Lafon. They are northwest of the Lopit, and northeast of the Lokoya, in villages of Bura, Pucwaa, Pugari, Kor, Angulumeere, and Wiatuo. Alternate names: Lokoro. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Unclassified
Reel [atu] 50,000 (1998 Atuot community). Southern Sudan, Lakes Province. Bordering Ciec Dinka in the north near Panekar, Agar Dinka on the west near Lake Nyibor, Jur Modo on the south, and Ador Dinka in the east near Yirol. Alternate names: Atuot, Atwot, Thok Cieng Reel. Dialects: No dialect differences. Lexical similarity 77% with Nuer; 49% with Dinka. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Nuer
Shatt [shj] 15,000 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, Shatt Hills southwest of Kadugli (Shatt Daman, Shatt Safia, Shatt Tebeldia), and parts of Abu Hashim and Abu Sinam. Alternate names: Caning. Dialects: Lexical similarity 64% with Liguri, 62% with Daju of Dar Fur (Nyala and Lagowa), 60% with Sila. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Western, Daju, Eastern Daju
Shilluk [shk] 175,000 (1982 SIL). Southern Sudan, Upper Nile Province, between Nile and Kordofan Province boundary, from Latitude 11 in the north to about 80 miles west of Tonga; also on the east bank of the Nile around the junction of the Nile and Sobat rivers, and for about 20 miles up the Sobat River. Alternate names: Colo, Dhocolo, Chulla, Shulla. Dialects: Lexical similarity 60% with Anuak, Pari, Luwo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Shilluk
Shwai [shw] 3,500 (1989). Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains, in villages in the Shwai Hills, northwest of Otoro near Heiban-Kadugli road. Alternate names: Shirumba, Shuway, Ludumor, Cwaya. Dialects: Shabun, Cerumba (Shirumba), Ndano. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Shirumba
Sinyar [sys] The main center is at Foro Boranga. Alternate names: Sinya, Shemya. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sinyar
Sungor [sjg] 15,000 in Sudan. Northern Sudan, Dar Fur, Melmele in Dar Masalit. Bounded on the west by the Tama, south by the Masalit, east by Arabic-speaking nomadic groups, north by the Gimr and Jebel Mun. Alternate names: Soungor, Assagori, Azangori, Asongori, Asungore, Erenga, Madungore, Shaale. Dialects: Girga, Walad Dulla, Erenga, Murasi, Sebunkik. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Western, Tama, Tama-Sungor
Suri [suq] 1,000 Tirma in Sudan (1983 SIL). Southern Sudan, Boma Plateau near the Ethiopian border. Alternate names: Surma. Dialects: Tirma (Tirima, Terema, Terna, Dirma, Cirma, Tirmaga, Tirmagi, Tid), Chai (Caci, Cai). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Surmic, South, Southeast, Pastoral, Suri
Tagoi [tag] 13,000 (1982 SIL). Population includes 2,000 Tagoi, 552 Moreb, 1,100 Tumale (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains, at Moreb, Tagoi, Turjok, Tumale Hill, possibly Tuling village. Tukum and Turum are places where Tagoi dialects are spoken (1956 Tucker and Bryan). Alternate names: Tagoy. Dialects: Moreb, Tumale, Tagoi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Rashad
Talodi [tlo] 1,500 (1989). Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills, in Talodi town and hill, including the villages of Tasomi and Tata. Alternate names: Gajomang, Ajomang, Jomang. Dialects: The dialects are nearly identical. Lexical similarity 70% with closest Talodi languages. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Jomang
Tegali [ras] 35,738 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains, Tegali Range, Rashad hills and town of Rashad. Alternate names: Tagale, Tegele, Togole, Tekele. Dialects: Rashad (Kom, Ngakom, Kome), Tegali. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Rashad
Temein [teq] 10,000 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills in the Temein hills southwest of Dilling, between Jebels Ghulfan Morung and Julud (Gulud). Alternate names: Temainian, Rone, Ronge. Dialects: Lexical similarity 67% with Tese. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Western, Temein
Tennet [tex] 4,000 (1994 SIL). Southern Sudan, Equatoria Province, Lopit Hills, northeast of Torit, 5 villages. Alternate names: Tenet. Dialects: Some intelligibility of Murle, Narim, and Didinga (in descending order). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Tennet
Tese [keg] 1,400 (1971 Welmers). Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills, Keiga Jirru west of Debri, and in 6 villages, northeast of Kadugli. Alternate names: Teis-Umm-Danab, Keiga Jirru, Keiga Girru. Dialects: Lexical similarity 67% with Temein. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Western, Temein
Thuri [thu] 16,720 (2000 WCD). Southern Sudan between Wau and Aweil, between Jur and Lol rivers, on Raga-Nyamlell road, and on Wau-Deim Zubeir road. Alternate names: Dhe Thuri, Jo Thuri, Wada Thuri, Shatt. Dialects: Bodho (Dhe Boodho, Dembo, Demen, Dombo), Colo (Dhe Colo, Jur Shol, Jo Colo), Manangeer (Jur Manangeer). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Thuri
Tigré [tig] Northern Sudan. Alternate names: Khasa, Xasa. Dialects: Mansa' (Mensa). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North
Tima [tms] 3,305 (2000 WCD). Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills in villages on and near Jebel Tima, 10 miles southwest of Katla, West Kordofan District. Alternate names: Lomorik, Lomuriki, Tamanik, Yibwa. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Katla
Tingal [tie] 8,000 (1982 SIL). Northern Sudan, Tegali Hills. Alternate names: Kajakja, Kajaja. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Rashad
Tira [tic] 40,000 (1982 SIL). Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills in villages extending from near Otoro to the neighborhood of Talodi. Alternate names: Tiro, Thiro, Lithiro. Dialects: Kinderma (Kanderma), Tira El Akhdar (Tira Dagig), Tira Lumum (Luman), Tira Mandi. There are slight variations among the dialects. Lexical similarity 75% with Moro (closest). Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Western
Tocho [taz] 3,800 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Northern Sudan, Talodi, Moro Hills. Alternate names: Toicho, Tacho. Dialects: Lexical similarity 70% with closest Talodi languages. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Tocho
Toposa [toq] 100,000 (2000 M. Schroeder). Most are monolingual. Southern Sudan, along both sides of Singaita and Lokalyen rivers. Ritual center at Loyooro River. They migrate as far as Moruangipi, and occasionally farther east into the disputed Ilemi Triangle at the Ethiopian border for seasonal grazing. They have no permanent settlements there. Alternate names: Taposa, Topotha, Akara, Kare, Kumi. Dialects: Eastern Toposa, Western Toposa, Jiye. Eastern Toposa and Jiye are linguistically closer to Turkana; Western Toposa to Karamojong. Inherently intelligible with Nyangatom, Karamojong, and Turkana, but each has strong ethnic attitudes. Separate literature is needed also because of loans from different second languages, and different discourse structures. Limited intelligibility of Teso. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana
Tulishi [tey] 8,628 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Population includes 3,000 Kamda, 2,500 Tulishi. Northern Sudan, hills on the western edge of the Nuba Hills on Jebel Tulishi south of Katla, on Jebel Kamdang north of Lagowa, south of Tulishi. Lagawa is the largest village, Kam'da is the administrative center, and other villages are Laati, Lawwa, Ntukungnge, Aabiisa, Nattilongke, Aliyooro Manadaha, Thudhi, Kirakaati. Alternate names: Tulesh, Thulishi, Kuntulishi. Dialects: Tulishi, Kamda (Kamdang), Dar El Kabira (Turuj, Truj, Logoke, Minjimmina). Dar el Kabira and Kamdang dialects are similar. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Unclassified
Tumtum [tbr] 7,300. Population includes 6,000 in Karondi, 1,300 in Tumtum. Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills; Kurondi south of Eliri, Talassa in the northern part of Eliri. Dialects: Karondi (Kurondi, Korindi), Talassa (Talasa), Tumtum. Lexical similarity 85% with Krongo (closest). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Unclassified
Uduk [udu] Northern Sudan, Upper Nile Province from Belila in the north, southwards along Blue Nile Province boundary to Yabus River. Most now in a refugee camp in Ethiopia. Alternate names: Twampa, Kwanim Pa, Burun, Kebeirka, Othan, Korara, Kumus. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Komuz, Koman
Wali [wll] 487 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Northern Sudan, in the Wali Hills, south of Karko Hills. Alternate names: Walari, Walarishe. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified
Warnang [wrn] 1,100 (1956 census). Northern Sudan, on small isolated hills in the extreme eastern part of the Nuba Hills between Talodi and the White Nile. Alternate names: Werni. Dialects: Lexical similarity 67% with Ko (closest). Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, Eastern
Yulu [yul] 3,000 in Sudan (1987 SIL). Population includes 2,000 Yulu and 1,000 Binga. Southern Sudan. The Yulu are at Khor Buga, 2 miles west of Raga in Western Bahr el Ghazal Province, and in Habbaniya District of Dar Fur. The Binga are at Menangba, west of Raga and in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Alternate names: Youlou. Dialects: Binga, Yulu. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara
Zaghawa [zag] 102,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL). Population total all countries: 186,834. Northern Sudan, northwest Dar Fur (northern Magdumate and Dar Kabja), and scattered farther south. Also in Kordofan. Surrounded on three sides by the Sahara. Also spoken in Chad, Libya. Alternate names: Soghaua, Zeggaoua, Zagaoua, Zorhaua, Zagawa, Zeghawa, Zauge, Berri, Beri, Beri-Aa, Merida, Kebadi, Kuyuk. Dialects: Wagi (Twer), Kube, Tuba (Bideyat). Wagi is the main dialect in Sudan. Ethnic subgroups are Kobe, Dor, Anka, with slight dialect differences. Seminomadic. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Eastern
Zande [zne] 350,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL). Southern Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo (primarily, and Central African Republic in an elongated semicircle with Uele River as its base). Some projections south. Alternate names: Azande, Zandi, Pazande, Sande, Badjande. Dialects: Dio, Makaraka (Odio). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara