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 Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" (Re: nada ali)
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http://www.wluml.org/english/pubsfulltxt.shtml?cmd[87]=...628f41f31a2c36baa1be
Efforts to combat female circumcision in Sudan
In Sudan the interest in the practice of female circumcision and concern about its adverse effects were not new. As early as the three decades preceding the Second World War, Sudanese and British Administrators, religious leaders, politicians and other enlightened Sudanese had all been concerned with finding ways and means to abolish the practice. Medical practitioners expended much effort to disclose the extent and nature of the damage inflicted by female circumcision upon its victims; Religious leaders directed their energies towards dissociating the practice of female circumcision from Islamic religions and making it clear to the public that true Muslims should give up repulsive practices such as excessive excision and infibulation which have no support in the basic principles of Islam. Political leaders and notables gave their blessings and support and the fight against female circumcision went on and eventually culminated in the promulgation of the law of 1946. This legislation prohibited the practice of Pharaonic circumcision and made it illegal and punishable by fine and imprisonment.
From the start many serious misgivings were pronounced against these early efforts to deal with female circumcision and against the law that was intended to impose a strict ban on Pharaonic circumcision. The efforts were seen by some Sudanese as a direct interference on the part of the colonial government with intimate practices and values of the Sudanese society and culture and extreme nationalists viewed the whole campaign against female circumcision as a threat to national solidarity as it tended to divide Sudanese people into those for and against anti-circumcision laws.
Moreover, one of the immediate effects of the legislation of 1946 was that many girls were hurriedly taken by their mothers to be circumcised at earlier ages thereby giving those who were trying hard to convince the people to abandon the practice gradually, a serious setback. Indeed, over the years Pharaonic circumcision continued, though less openly, in spite of the fact that the prohibition of 1946 has never been formally revoked. In short, the anti-circumcision legislation has never been fully accepted either in theory or in practice. Nevertheless, the pre-war efforts to deal with female circumcision were not without useful results.
Besides focusing the attention of a relatively large audience of the issue of female circumcision in the Sudan, a number of essential lessons can be extracted from these earlier experiences. First, it is extremely difficult if not impossible, for legislation to wipe out such a deeply rooted tradition as female circumcision. Second, and most important, is that in introducing laws and similar measures, due consideration should be given to such factors as the political climate and the socio-psychological setting or rather the socio-cultural way of life of the people or communities concerned.
Finally, if it is deemed necessary to introduce laws to combat a sensitive custom such as female circumcision, a genuine attempt should be made to grasp the full implications of these laws in order to avoid their undesirable results or unintended consequences.
The campaign against female circumcision in Sudan apparently has waned in the two decades or so following the Second World War. However, with the country's rapid change and development over recent decades, interest in female circumcision has been renewed and fresh attempts have been made with a view to eradicating it. Evaluating existing and on-going concerns and action dealing with female circumcision in the Sudan is an onerous task. However, the main features of recent attempts are easy to summarize. On the one hand, considerable and valuable efforts to combat female circumcision have been, and are being made in the country. On the other hand, much of what has been done so far is rather diverse and disparate. Unevenness and diversity are no doubt the inevitable results of the nature and complexity of female circumcision or the problem itself, the multiplicity of bodies and groups involved in it, and the variety of measures and actions made or suggested for the eventual eradication. These statements are not intended to belittle efforts, past or present, made toward combating female circumcision in the Sudan. They are intended solely to draw attention to the uneven and diverse nature of these efforts and to suggest that there is a need for a more co-ordinated work and a new strategy to do away with female circumcision in Sudan.
Much has been said or implied in this paper about the complexity of various aspects of female circumcision in Sudan. Here it is important to point out that in the last decade or so the number of organizations focusing their attention and interest on female circumcision has increased and that this reflects in a wide range of activities and measures intended to abolish the practice. Indeed, recently many more voluntary organisations, national and international bodies have been actively engaged in work and action-oriented activities with the objective of gaining more knowledge about circumcision-related issues and suggesting appropriate measures to eradicate the practice. The organizations include medical associations (Obstetrics and Gynaecological Society), Sudan Family Planning Association, Ahfad University College for Women, Babiker Badri Scientific Association for Women's Studies; High Nursing College, Department of Social Welfare, Maternal and Child Health Service of the Ministry of Health, the Sudan Women's Union, University of Khartoum, the National Committee for the Eradiction of Female Circumcision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and WHO, UNICEF, the Swedish Radda Barnen, Swedish Housewives Association, and the Norwegian Action Group. These organizations articulated their activities and measures through a variety of channels, embracing conferences, seminars, symposia, workshops, discussion groups, radio, T.V., public speeches, books, articles, pamphlets, posters and integrated programmes of all sorts. The measures themselves include, among other things, emphasis on or call for legislation prohibiting all forms of female circumcision, intensification of general education of the public with special emphasis on the hazards of female circumcision, inclusion of courses on female circumcision as part of the curricula of certain educational institutions, intensification of educational programmes for special categories of personnel, e.g., midwives, health visitors, nutrition officers, etc., with a view to demonstrating the harmful effects of female circumcision and enlisting the support of these target categories for the campaign against female circumcision, and the integration of female circumcision issues with existing health and social programs designed to promote the status of women.
A survey such as the above leads to an apparent paradox regarding the campaign against female circumcision in the Sudan. On the one hand, it appears that a great deal of effort towards eradication of female circumcision has been expended. On the other hand, female circumcision, as indicated earlier in this paper, is still carried out in many parts of the country. This paradox however could easily be explained away if it is realized that these efforts to combat female circumcision tend to be on the whole quite space-specific. In particular, they tend to be limited to the urban complex of Khartoum and other highly selected localities. Again, the recent efforts to eradicate female circumcision in the Sudan, with few exceptions, are not based on reliable systematic research. All this implies that if efforts to deal with female circumcision are to succeed they should have a much wider geographical coverage and should be based on scientific research.
On the other hand, the lessons learned from the efforts carried out in the urban complex of Khartoum must be of central and crucial concern to the various organizations interested in circumcision related issues and problems since these lessons can be useful when efforts are extended to the rest of the Sudan. It is evident that a new strategy to eradicate female circumcision in Sudan must be based on reliable facts and interpretations of certain female circumcision-related problems and issues that should already identified as matters of concern and urgency. The space coverage of these issues and problems should be gradually enlarged to embrace different regions and populations of the whole of the Sudan.
Finally, to the extent that female circumcision is widespread in many African countries, concerned quarters in these countries must seek ways and means to exchange knowledge and experiences relating to this practice with a view to seeing the day it will be completely abolished.
Research and work in progress
Two surveys were undertaken in the Sudan, one by the Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, and the other by the Sudan Fertility Association. Both are nation-wide, and both tackled many aspects of female circumcision (preference for the various types, attitudes toward it, complications ensuing from it, and justification given for the practice).
About 200 pieces of research, of different types, on various scales have also been done, which include dissertations at the first degree and diploma levels, an M.Sc. thesis, and post-graduate professional research. A special project is being undertaken by the Medical Research council to document and classify research on female circumcision and to suggest policies for future research on previous and current efforts to eliminate female circumcision.
Work Already Done Or In Progress
1. A national Workshop was held in 1981 in Khartoum to discuss female circumcision and to produce recommendations and strategies for the elimination of female circumcision.
2. Thereafter a follow-up committee was established as a Sub-Committee of the Babiker Badri Scientific association for Women's Studies. This committee is composed of both men and women and it has provided many public lectures and mass media activities.
3. A book on the proceedings of the Workshop, including all the recommendations made was published in 1983. It has been widely distributed, but there has been no detailed follow-up system to check whether each Ministry has fulfilled its obligations to accomplish the specific objectives of the Workshop.
4.The Babiker Badri Scientific Association has five current projects on female circumcision. Two workshops have already taken place.
5. Before the Dakar Conference took place, a National Committee had been formed which has held two meetings since September 1983. During these meetings it was recommended that a law should be enforced to forbid all forms of female circumcision and that the government should provide a state policy for the elimination of female circumcision. After the Dakar Conference the two men and two women who attended were supposed to form a National Committee to abolish female circumcision. It was decided, however, that as Sudan has already formed a National Committee, and two of those who went to Dakar were already members of it, there was no need to form another committee. No action has yet been taken by the National Committee.
Suggested Future Strategies By Organizations.
A.1. The BBSAWS should undertake 6 regional workshops in the 6 regions of the Northern Sudan to sensitise people in rural areas, to select highly motivated leaders from them and then to continue the work of the campaign by forming subcommittees of these to be responsible for the continuation of the work.
A.2. Work should be concentrated on a model area in the three towns of the capital to discover what results can be achieved to eliminate female circumcision, in one specific area. Checks should be made before and after the work in this model area in order to provide an efficient system of evaluation.
A.3. The integrated Women's Development Programmes should be extended to other villages.
A.4. Educational materials should continue to be produced and so should discussion groups continue to take place.
A.5. The project which has already begun should be completed so that midwives become supervisors of the work of motivating others to abolish female circumcision.
B. At the group and individual levels there should be:
1. Research on the effects of female circumcision on fertility,
2. Research on the psychological impact of female circumcision children through long-term research in rural Khartoum;
3. Other research.
C. A league of university students should be formed for the elimination of female circumcision
D. The National Committee should be re-constituted so as to be smaller in number but to be composed of people really dedicated to the eradication of female circumcision.
E. Although the Sudan Government has no specific strategy, all Ministers concerned should publicly announce that female circumcision should be abolished. The Minister of Health in particular should ask all members of the medical services to take action to combat it. All Public Health Programmes should include education for the elimination of female circumcision.
REFERENCES Abu Shammma, A.O., et al, Female Circumcision in the Sudan, Lancet. Vol. 1. (1949).
Badri, Amna El Shadik, Present Situation of Female Circumcision in the Sudan (A Paper presented to the Seminar on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children in Africa. Dakar (1984).
Female Circumcision in the Sudan, The Ahfad Journal. Vol. 1 (1984).
Badri, Badri Suliman, Knowledge and Attitude Towards Female Circumcision Among High School Girls. (Dissertation presented to Ahfad University College for Women) (1983).
Badrim, Gasim Yousif, The Views of Gynaecologists, Midwives and College Students. (Proceedings on the Changing Status of Sudanese Women, Khartoum (1979).
Barbour, K.M., The Republic of the Sudan: A Regional Geography London, (961).
Ba'ascher, T.A., Psycho-social Aspects of Female Circumcision. (Paper presented to World Health Organization Seminar on "Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children. Khartoum (1979).
El Dareer, Asma, Women Why Do You Weep? Circumcision and its Consequences, London (1983).
Complications of Female Circumcision in the Sudan, Tropical Doctor (1983).
Farah, Abdel-Aziz Mohd;, et al, Aspects of Population Change and Development in the Sudan; (Proceedings of the Second National Population Conference, Khartoum (1982).
Hesken, F.P., Female Circumcision in Africa. Victomology : An International Journal. Vol. 2 (197 .
International Labour Office (ILO), Growth, Employment and Equity : A Comprehensive Strategy for the Sudan. Geneva (1976).
Modawi, Suliman, The Impact of Social and Economic Changes on Female Circumcision. (Proceedings of the Third Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology). Sudan Medical Association Congress Series N. 1. Reprinted (1974).
Shandall, Ahmed Abu-el-Futuh, Circumcision and Infibulation of Females. Sudan Medical Journal, Vol 5 (1967).
Taba, A.H., Female Circumcision. World Health. (1979).
Verzin, J.A., Sequelae of Female Circumcision. Tropical Doctor. October (1975).
Worsley, A., Infibulation and Female Circumcision : A Study of a Little-known Custom. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire. Vol. 45 (193.
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Female circumcision in the Gambia Aouzu Billahi Minash Shaitani Rajemm.
Bismillahi Rahmani-r-Racheem
My name is Mrs. Fatoumata Tambajang and I am from the Gambia, small country with a population of 696,886 of which 80% live in health hazardous rural areas and 70% of these are circumcised women and girls.
Madame chairperson, fellow participants on this note I wish to state that it is indeed a great pleasure and honour to be in your midst through the good will of the Babiker Badri Scientific association for Women's Studies in the Sudan. I am hereby representing the National Committee of Traditional Practices affecting the Health of Women and Children in the Gambia, in the capacity of secretary. Mrs. Safiatou Singhateh who was our original representative to the Workshop is unable to attend due to other pressing official engagements. However, she has asked me to convey to the BBSAWS and the hospitable loving brothers and sisters of the Sudan with whom some of our ethnic groups at home share historical relationship, her personal gratitude for inviting us to the Workshop.
She also wishes us a successful deliberation in the Workshop. If we all recall, the deliberations during Dakar UNFPA funded workshop on "Traiditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children in Africa" left us without any doubt as to that there was direct relationship between a mother and child. The significant problem of female circumcision turns out to one of the major urgent and cruel clitoridictonuria practices in The Gambia needing our attention and combined efforts. In the first instance, physical plain is inflicted upon a girl as well as life threatening consequences such as serious bleeding and infections leading to anaemia and tetanus respectively. The letter in most obvious cases emanate from the dirty and non-sterilized environment in which the operations are performed, as well as the knife or razor blade with which it is performed.
It is worth noting that the psychological complex of the need to comprehend natural delivery and affectionate parenthood is unique. Besides, there can be psychological changes to a circumcised mother's natural reaction to sex. This may not be realised directly, but we should be ready to argue that the body's sex hormone composition is partially modified by the "sensitive organ" (clitoris).
As regard the child, it can be acknowledged that the injury to a child at delivery appears to be mainly due to the restriction of the mother's birth canal. This mostly ends up being a traumatic injury to both mother and child. Hence there is a suspected high morbidity and infant mortality rate in the Gambia as well as in other African countries where female circumcision is practiced. I am, at this juncture, glad to report to my fellow participant that the Gambia Women's Bureau has now, in light of the above, established a National Committee with a view to research, analyse and design strategies for the eradication of female circumcision through a policy document to be proposed to our government. We shall communicate the outcome of this major undertaking as soon as possible.
The composition of our national committee
Our National Committee is comprised of Senior Representatives from the Government/Non-Government/UNDP in respect of the Women's Bureau; the Ministries/Departments of Health, Labour and Social Welfare, Education, Youth, Sports and Culture, Information and Broadcasting, Justice cum Attorney General's Chambers, Agriculture and Natural Resources (extension workers); Gambia Family Planning Association; Non-formal educational services; Community Development (field workers); as well as representatives of traditional practitioners and female circumcisers.
The above listed parties have met already twice to discuss the implications and remedial measures geared towards ultimate eradication of female circumcision and have arrived at the conclusion that the best way to approach the cruel practice is through evaluation of the following points:
a. The origin, causes and statistical data of female circumcision.
b. The concept of female circumcision in respect to Gambia modern society including medical and religious point of view.
c. The economic effect of the eradication of female circumcision.
d. Eventual substitutes of economic income activity for the female circumcisers.
The relevant questionnaire, hence studies funded by the OXFAM Foundation centred around the above issues, is underway, but the preliminary evaluation made shows that the origin of female circumcision is purely cultural and customary with the intention of preparing girls for "clean" womanhood. Our rough statistical estimate is based on discussions and indicates that about 70 % (seventy per cent) of our Gambia population is involved in the practice of female circumcision. It is therefore important to note that the practices of female circumcision cannot be eradicated by short-term goals because of its pronounced tie to culture and custom. A girl who is not circumcised, for example, can undergo strenuous psychological and social pressures and isolation from her social interaction group.
The National Committee has subsequently recommended that coordinated activities of continued education in the form of workshops, seminars and adult education should constitute the proper approach to a long-term goal of eventual eradication of female circumcision. There is an undisputed medical supporting evidence that if the health hazards to mothers and children are effectively propagated to the general public, it would gradually result in self-withdrawal of the traditional practitioners as the clientele declines over the years. Our proposal, which I hereby submit to the available funding agencies, will, if approved, greatly facilitate the implementation of our planned inter-divisional local training.
I now wish to end my presentation and thank you all sisters and brothers for your attention and continued cooperation.
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الكاتب |
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| الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" فى السودان | nada ali | 02-01-06, 03:47 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-01-06, 03:48 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | عبدالرحمن عزّاز | 02-01-06, 03:57 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-01-06, 04:05 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | AMNA MUKHTAR | 02-01-06, 05:04 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Alia awadelkareem | 02-02-06, 09:04 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Tragie Mustafa | 02-02-06, 09:18 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Tumadir | 02-02-06, 09:22 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 02:02 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | bayan | 02-02-06, 09:39 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | bayan | 02-02-06, 09:42 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 02:01 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 01:59 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 01:56 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Mohammed Elhaj | 02-02-06, 10:49 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | najua hussain | 02-02-06, 11:41 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Kostawi | 02-02-06, 12:03 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | عشة بت فاطنة | 02-02-06, 12:10 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | hala alahmadi | 02-02-06, 02:06 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | محمدين محمد اسحق | 02-02-06, 02:16 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | elsawi | 02-02-06, 02:38 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Khalid Kodi | 02-02-06, 04:59 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | محى الدين ابكر سليمان | 02-02-06, 05:04 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | محى الدين ابكر سليمان | 02-02-06, 05:04 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | najua hussain | 02-03-06, 11:43 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Sawsan Ahmed | 02-03-06, 11:48 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 02:04 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | خضر حسين خليل | 02-04-06, 06:12 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | almulaomar | 02-04-06, 06:17 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Murtada Gafar | 02-04-06, 06:22 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Mohamed E. Seliaman | 02-04-06, 06:24 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | نادية عثمان | 02-04-06, 06:27 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Elawad Eltayeb | 02-04-06, 07:59 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Osman M Salih | 02-04-06, 09:01 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 07:21 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 07:26 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | bayan | 02-04-06, 07:47 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 07:32 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 07:40 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 07:44 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 07:56 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Yassir7anna | 02-04-06, 08:03 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 08:08 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 08:24 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 08:30 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-04-06, 08:43 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Adil Isaac | 02-04-06, 12:12 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | مدثر محمد ادم | 02-04-06, 02:41 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | فضيلي جماع | 02-04-06, 04:08 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-05-06, 04:52 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-05-06, 05:01 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Alia awadelkareem | 02-06-06, 11:54 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-07-06, 01:53 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-07-06, 01:54 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | EL fahal Abdelatif | 02-07-06, 01:58 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | almulaomar | 02-07-06, 02:13 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-07-06, 02:08 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | محمد السر | 02-07-06, 02:33 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Mahmoud Mustafa Mahmoud | 02-07-06, 03:54 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | saif basheer | 02-07-06, 06:28 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-09-06, 01:44 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | nada ali | 02-09-06, 01:48 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Mohamed E. Seliaman | 02-11-06, 03:35 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Mahmoud Mustafa Mahmoud | 02-11-06, 05:04 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | hala alahmadi | 02-11-06, 02:27 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | عبد الغفار عبد الله المهدى | 02-11-06, 07:14 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Elmoiz Abunura | 02-11-06, 08:49 PM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | محمد الأمين موسى | 02-12-06, 00:11 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | محمود بكر | 02-12-06, 06:05 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Elmoiz Abunura | 02-15-06, 00:31 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | احمد العربي | 02-15-06, 00:53 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | isam ali | 02-15-06, 01:24 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | hala alahmadi | 02-15-06, 02:50 AM |
| Re: الرجاء التوقيع لدعم الحملة الخاصة بالقضاء على الانتهاك البدنى للاناث "ختان الاناث" | Tara | 02-15-06, 06:07 PM |
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