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 Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ (Re: tabaldy)
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مقال النيو يورك تايمز منشور على موقعها الإلكتروني..و تأريخه يعود الى 27فبراير 2012..و ليس الى اسبوع كما ذكرنا..
Sudan
Sudan has been at war with itself for almost its entire post-colonial history, starting in 1956. After decades of fighting for independence from the north, southern Sudan seceded on July 9, 2011, and became the Republic of South Sudan, six months after nearly 99 percent of the region’s voters approved the split in an internationally backed referendum.
The south’s departure did not put an end to conflicts. Both nations face separatist movements within their own borders, and clashes along the new border have flared up regularly.
While the two nations continued to discuss how to split lucrative oil revenues and the fate of the contested region of Abyei, a spreading rebellion inside Sudan prompted the Sudanese government to accuse the south of providing military support to the rebels.
In November 2011, Salva Kiir, the president of South Sudan, denounced the Sudanese government for threatening what he called a “military invasion” of South Sudan. Mr. Kiir has accused the Sudanese government of bombing the South Sudanese area of Guffa, killing at least seven people and potentially moving insurgencies on both sides of the border closer to an international conflict.
When South Sudan declared independence, it took billions of dollars’ worth of oil with it, gutting Sudan’s economy and creating one of the deepest crises that President Omar Hassan al-Bashir has faced in his more than 20 years in power.
Mr. Bashir is now battling high inflation, a shrinking economy, student protests and several simultaneous rebellions — in Darfur, the Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile State — as well as genocide charges related to the massacres several years ago in Darfur.
By early 2012, the two nations were locked in an exceedingly dangerous game of brinkmanship over billions of gallons of oil, seizing tankers, shutting down wells and imperiling the tenuous, American-backed peace.
The jagged, disputed border separating Sudan from its newly independent neighbor had become probably the most combustible fault line in Africa, with big armies that fought each other for generations massing on either side.
During the past decade, Sudan’s oil wealth has fueled new factories, roads, countless shish kebab joints and plans for a futuristic mini-city, a billion-dollar airport and the entire reconfiguring of this capital to include a breezy promenade along the Nile.
Both sides desperately need the oil to run their governments, feed their people and stamp out insurrections. And theoretically, both sides need each other. The conundrum of the two Sudans is that 75 percent of the oil lies in the south, but the pipeline to export it runs through the north. Because of this, oil was once thought to be the glue that would hold the two nations together and prevent a conflict. Now, it seems, oil is becoming the fuse.
Many political analysts wonder whether Mr. Bashir will be able to survive all these crises. But it is hard to see who would replace him.
Sudan’s political opposition is deeply divided and run by white-bearded septuagenarians. The rebel movements do not have much support in Khartoum. Sudanese students started an Arab Spring-like movement last year, but they failed to gain any traction. The security forces were quick to arrest protesters and string them up from ceiling fans.
Background
Sudan has been ruled since 1989 by Mr. Bashir, who seized power in a bloodless coup backed by Islamists. He assumed the presidency in 1993. Mr. Bashir has been vilified in the West and blamed over the years for cozying up to Osama bin Laden, abusing human rights and unleashing death squads in Darfur, the war-racked region of western Sudan. In 2010, he was charged by the International Criminal Court with crimes against humanity.
It was the first time the court sought to detain a sitting head of state. Defiant, Mr. Bashir lambasted the West for the indictment and ordered 13 aid organizations serving millions of people in Darfur to suspend their operations on accusations that they provided false evidence to the court.
Many residents in the Sudanese provinces of Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile fought alongside the south during its civil war with the north. But a 2005 peace treaty placed the two provinces in Sudan’s territory, leaving South Sudan to hold a referendum to decide its own fate. In January, the South Sudanese voted almost unanimously to secede from the rest of the country. Their fellow combatants in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile remained on the other side of the border, and an armed rebellion soon began.
In return, the Sudanese military has clamped down hard on the rebellion, filling the skies over Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile with Antonov bombers, some of which have flown over South Sudanese territory, too. A satellite imaging project organized by the Enough Project, an advocacy group, has published what it says is evidence of mass graves in the rebellious regions, and the United Nations has said the military activity could amount to war crimes.
The United States, a close partner of South Sudan, had made strong overtures to the government in Sudan, saying that if it cooperated peacefully with South Sudan’s transition to independence, economic sanctions on the country could be lifted.
But in early November 2011, President Obama called for the sanctions to be extended over what he called “hostile” actions on the part of the Sudanese government that posed an “unusual and extraordinary threat” to American foreign policy.
A Troubled Divorce
North-south tensions go back decades, to even before Sudan’s independence in 1956. The north is mostly Muslim and historically has identified with the Arab world, while many southerners are Christian and more connected to Kenya, Uganda and other sub-Saharan nations. Beyond that, there is a huge divide when it comes to development, spawned by years of inequality.
Conflicts remain over how the two sides will share the south’s sizable reserves of crude oil and what to do about the Abyei region, which straddles the north-south border and is claimed by both.
As the split approached, Mr. Bashir seemed to be steering his country back toward war. The north occupied Abyei in May in overwhelming numbers, forcing nearly 100,000 southern Sudanese to flee. Heavy fighting also broke out soon after in Kadugli, the capital of Southern Kordofan — a northern Sudanese state where many of the people are aligned with the southern Sudanese.
Analysts believe that the sudden flurry of military activity was part of a calculated, hard-knuckled negotiating strategy to pressure the south into conceding more oil or money as Sudan prepared to split into two.
While the south holds roughly 75 percent of Sudan’s oil reserves, the north has the refineries and pipelines; conventional wisdom argues that the two sides need each other for their economies to survive.
Peace Accord Signed
While Khartoum has its luxury hotels and shopping malls, the south is where the roads stop. Flying over it, all you see is miles and miles of emerald green.
In 2005, the country’s opposing political parties signed a peace accord that ended Africa’s longest-running civil war, which killed an estimated 2.2 million people — 10 times as many as in Darfur. The perennial question is whether the relatively small group of Arabs who live along the northern reaches of the Nile and have historically ruled Sudan will share power and wealth in one of the most diverse populations on the continent. It was political exclusion that drove rebels in the semi-autonomous south to fight, and the same issue inspired the rebellion to the west, in Darfur, which has claimed an estimated 300,000 lives and blown up into one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises.
The peace treaty between the north and the south, which American officials helped broker and the Bush administration considered a foreign policy triumph, was supposed to address these center-versus-periphery problems head-on.
In July 2009, an international tribunal redefined the borders of the disputed oil region by splitting the contested zone between the two sides. In its ruling, the tribunal, seated at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, overruled a decision by an international commission that Sudan’s government rejected four years earlier.
Darfur Refugees Returning Home
Darfur has been the focus of international attention since 2004, when government troops and militia groups known as janjaweed moved to crush rebels who complained that the region’s black African ethnic groups had been neglected by the Muslim central government. The janjaweed, backed by government troops, carried out widespread savage killings of civilians. The United Nations estimates that the conflict displaced 2.7 million who are believed to have fled their homes in the face of atrocities and the destruction of villages.
Violence in turbulent Darfur spiked in 2010. In May, the Justice and Equality Movement, or JEM, Darfur’s most powerful rebel group, broke off peace talks that had been taking place in Doha, Qatar, after the Sudanese government rejected its demand that it be the sole negotiator for the rebels at the table. Since then, the group has been trying to reassert itself militarily, and was forced into some confrontations after neighboring Chad improved ties with Khartoum and closed off the group’s usual escape routes over the border.
By early 2012, more than 100,000 people had left the sprawling camps where they had taken refuge for nearly a decade and headed home to their villages, the biggest return of displaced people since the war began and a sign that one of the world’s most infamous conflicts may have decisively cooled.
The millions of civilians who fled into camps, their homes often reduced to nothing more than rings of ash by armed raiders, were among the most haunting legacies of the conflict in Darfur, transforming this rural landscape into a collection of swollen impromptu squatter towns.
And while the many thousands going home were only a small fraction of Darfur’s total displaced population, they were doing so voluntarily, United Nations officials say, offering one of the most concrete signs of hope this war-weary region has seen in years.
رابط المقال:
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/internatio...ies/sudan/index.html
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| رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-28-12, 08:34 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-28-12, 08:36 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-28-12, 08:40 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-28-12, 08:42 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | اسعد الريفى | 03-28-12, 09:05 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | اسماعيل كردولي | 03-28-12, 09:04 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-28-12, 09:18 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-28-12, 09:24 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | محمد على طه الملك | 03-28-12, 11:59 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | مني التجاني | 03-28-12, 12:11 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | محمد البشرى الخضر | 03-28-12, 12:43 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Mahjob Abdalla | 03-28-12, 02:49 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Deng | 03-28-12, 03:08 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | عبداللطيف خليل محمد على | 03-28-12, 05:48 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Deng | 03-28-12, 06:36 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Elawad | 03-28-12, 06:55 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-28-12, 07:20 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-28-12, 07:29 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-28-12, 07:33 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-28-12, 07:42 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-28-12, 08:03 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | محمد حيدر المشرف | 03-28-12, 08:36 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | jini | 03-28-12, 10:18 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | hafiz Issue | 03-28-12, 11:21 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | ibrahim alnimma | 03-29-12, 00:32 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Hisham Amin | 03-29-12, 01:41 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Deng | 03-29-12, 05:38 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 07:57 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 07:59 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 08:01 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 08:02 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 08:04 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 08:06 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 08:08 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | عبدالرحمن عزّاز | 03-29-12, 08:38 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | adil amin | 03-29-12, 09:27 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | حماد الطاهر عبدالله | 03-29-12, 10:33 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | tabaldy | 03-29-12, 10:47 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | tabaldy | 03-29-12, 10:49 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | tabaldy | 03-29-12, 10:49 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 06:45 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 06:49 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 06:54 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 07:08 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 07:14 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | adil amin | 03-31-12, 11:15 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Deng | 03-29-12, 07:13 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 07:39 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-29-12, 07:48 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Zakaria Joseph | 03-29-12, 08:06 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Hisham Amin | 03-30-12, 03:18 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-30-12, 07:22 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-30-12, 07:27 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Zakaria Joseph | 03-30-12, 07:01 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | محمود الدقم | 03-30-12, 07:35 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Zakaria Joseph | 03-30-12, 08:06 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Balla Musa | 03-30-12, 08:19 PM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-31-12, 10:12 AM |
| Re: رئيس الجنوب: هل هو طابور خامس للمؤتمر الوطني؟ | Kabar | 03-31-12, 11:58 AM |
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