Ishango Bone: a 20000 years old african mathematical document !!!

References


1. V J Katz, A History of Mathematics: An Introduction (2nd Edition). New York: Addison Wesley, 2007.

2. C Zalslavsky. Africa Counts: Number and Pattern in African Culture. Boston: Prindle, Weber & Schmidt, Inc, 1973.

3. G Robins & C Shute, The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, an Ancient Egyptian Text. London: British Museum Publication, ltd, 1987.

4. J E Yellen, Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa”, African Archaeological Review, Volume 15, Number 3, 1998. Pages: 73-198.

From Abstract of this article: “Examination of African barbed bone points recovered from Holocene sites provides a context to interpret three Late Pleistocene occurrences from Katanda and Ishango, Zaire, and White Paintings Shelter, Botswana.”

5. D Huylebrouck, The bone that began the space Odyssey. The mathematical intelligencer, Volume 18, Number 4, 1996. Pages: 55-61.

A brief description about Ishanog bone.

6. A Sy and T Tinker “Bury Pacioli in Africa: A Bookkeeper’s Reification of Accountancy”, ABACUS, Voume. 42, No. 1, (2006). Pp105 – 127

From the abstract: In short, we propose burying Pacioli the Bookkeeper, and redeeming Pacioli the Social Actor, by explicating the social, cultural and political content inchoate in his work, and that found in even more explicit pre-Paciolian ancient texts (particularly those from Africa, that reach back to the Dawn of Civilization).

7. A Brooks and C Smith, “Ishango revisited new age determinations and cultural interpretations”, The African Archaeological Review, Volume 5, Number 1, 1987, pages 65—78.

Abstract: The lakeshore site of Ishango in Zaïre has been interpreted as an early locus of a generalized fishing adaptation or aquatic civilization which spread rapidly across eastern and northern Africa during the wetter climatic conditions of the early to mid-Holocene. New evidence from Ishango implies that this adaptation may have developed in the late Pleistocene and that its technology subsequently diffused to other regions where it was associated with a range of lithic styles, varying economies, and occasional ceramics.

8. N K Rao, “Aspects of prehistoric astronomy in India”, Bull Astr Soc. India, volume 33 (2005). Pp 499 – 511

Abstract: Some archeoastronomical aspects regarding the development of
Observational astronomy in India during prehistoric times is described. A plea
is made for the preservation of megalithic monuments of possible astronomical significance.

9. Website: http://www.thocp.net/index.html

Date: 29 November 2007

General information about counting tools

10. website : http://www.gecijferdheid.nl/pdf/NRC_20070317_...egrip_uit_Afrika.pdf

Date: 27 November 2007

Photos of the second and the first Ishango bones

11. website : http://www.fi.uu.nl/publicaties/literatuur/6157.pdf

Date: 27 November 2007

This document is written by Prof. Jan van Maanen and published in the internet by Freudenthal Institute in February 2004. In this document one can find useful information about Egyptian mathematics. Examples of this are Egyptian numeric symbols and Egyptian multiplication with examples.


12. Website: http://www.naturalsciences.be/
Date: 27 November 2007

This is the official website of The Belgian Science Museum in Brussels

13. Website:

http://www.mathsisgoodforyou.com/topicsPages/...ths/egyptiangods.htm

Date: 27 November 2007

This website gives general information about history of mathematics in ancient Egypt.


14. Website: http://webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-ancient.html

Date: 27 November 2007

General information about ancient calendars


15. Website: www.traveljournals.net/explore/zaire/map/m2838434/ishango.html

Date: 12 December 2007

Ishango location in the map of Congo.

16. Website : http://www.helsinki.fi/~whiting/problems02.pdf
Date: 12 December 2007

Detailed Information about Plimton 322 tablet

17. http://staff.science.uva.nl/~craats/babylon.pdf


Date: 29 November 2007

Information about Plimton 322 tablet

18. http://mysite.verizon.net/vze1wn7p/BLNews/htm...ticles/AfKmtMath.pdf

Date: 29 November 2007

An article about African math and Ishango bone. It gives general information without details.

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