آثارات (تنقلٍ قوسى) بجزيرة صاي بقلم عباس حسن محمد علي طه

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11-23-2017, 04:33 PM

عباس حسن محمد علي طه
<aعباس حسن محمد علي طه
تاريخ التسجيل: 01-13-2014
مجموع المشاركات: 34

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20 عاما من العطاء و الصمود
مكتبة سودانيزاونلاين
آثارات (تنقلٍ قوسى) بجزيرة صاي بقلم عباس حسن محمد علي طه

    03:33 PM November, 23 2017

    سودانيز اون لاين
    عباس حسن محمد علي طه-الرياض-السعودية
    مكتبتى
    رابط مختصر





    تقل قوسي – من أقدم الآثار القديمة عبارة عن كنيسة في وسط قرية صيصاب تعتبر الأقدم في افريقيا وما زالت قائمة حتى يومننا هذا تأثرت معالمها بعوامل التعرية الطبيعية وبقيت اعمدتها ثلاثة قائمة والرابعة مايلة مبنية من الجرانيت المنحوتة وما يقال عن ان صاي شهدت بدايات البشرية تثبت هذه الآثارات صحتها وهذه الصورة عن تنقل قوسى مأخوذة عام 1901م وكتثير من ابناء صاي لا يعرفون عن تنقل قسى إلا القليل ولو جاء تسميتة في احدى قروبات ابناء صيصاب تحت مسمى تنقل قوسى وبالبحث وجدنا ما كتب عن تقل قسى في كتب وجدت في بريطانيا كما ادناه باللغة الإنجليزية وسوف تتم ترجمتها لاحقا:
    A SECOND LOOK INTO THE MEDIEVAL PERIODON SAI ISLAND
    Henriette Hafsaas-Tsakos and Alexandros Tsakos
    Abstract
    This paper presents the results of the second season of the Greek-Norwegian Archaeological Mission (GNM) on the island of Sai in northern Sudan. The main goal for the 2010 season was to begin thearchaeological excavations at the site of a ruined church commonly referred to as the Cathedral of Sai. In parallel, the ********ation of a very important site, identified as a port since the last season,had to be completed. Finally, the study of the material, both accumulated in the past and collectedduring this second season, was continued and thus, in comparison always to the historical sources,the understanding of the history of the island of Sai in the frame of Medieval and post-MedievalNubia (
    c
    . 500-1900 CE) further enlarged.
    The second season of the Greek-Norwegian Archaeological Mission on Sai
    Sai is the second largest island on the Nile (next to Mograt). It is located midwaybetween the Second and the Third Cataracts of the Nile in northern Sudan. The islandhas been the archaeological concession of the Sai Island Archaeological Mission, of the UNIVERSITY Charles-de-Gaulle – Lille 3, in France, since 1969. Forty years later,in winter 2009, began the first systematic research project on the medieval period of Sai Island. It is undertaken by the Greek-Norwegian Archaeological Mission toSudan (GNM), which was ESTABLISHED precisely for the purpose of studying themedieval centuries of the island through both archaeological and written sources(Hafsaas-Tsakos and Tsakos 2009; Tsakos, in print).The main aim of the GNM for the season of 2010 was to protect the site of theso-called Cathedral of Sai in order to begin excavations there, as well as to promoteit to local and foreign visitors. Furthermore, the recording of in******ions and othermedieval OBJECTS coming to the storerooms of the French dig-house from varioussites on Sai was continued. Last but not least, the cliff overhanging the Nile east of the dig-house of the French mission was cleaned in order to record the graffitialready mentioned by Archibald Henry Sayce in 1910.
    The so-called Cathedral Site
    The so-called Cathedral of Sai was given the site code 8-B-500, according to theArchaeological Map of the Sudan (Hinkel 1979), during GNM’s survey in 2009(Hafsaas-Tsakos and Tsakos 2009, 79). The site was first described by the Frenchmineralogist Frédéric Cailliaud, who participated in the Egyptian military expedition to conquer Sennar on the Blue Nile between 1821 and 1822. He later published hisobservations in four volumes. His impressions from visiting the site on the 2
    nd
    of January 1821 were thus expressed:
    76“
    When I arrived on land, I mounted a donkey; after riding for a league and a half in the north east of this island, I saw four small columns in grey granite, arranged in a square; one can think that this is a WORK by the Copts; its style is very bad and with no proportions. The CAPITALS , of a baroque taste, are surmounted by the Greek cross; some rubble of earth that neighbour these columns, INDICATE that these belonged to a small Christian church
    ” (Cailliaud 1826, vol. I, 366; translated fromFrench by A. Tsakos).Written sources from the medieval centuries mention a bishopric on Sai during that period (Monneret de Villard 1938, 162). Therefore, Jean Vercoutter, the first Frenchfield director on Sai, based on the monumental remains consisting of four granitecolumns, identified that site with the Cathedral of Medieval Sai (Vercoutter 1970,159). He subsequently turned the attention of his fieldwork to the fortress, and noone returned to site 8-B-500 for anything more than a visit. In fact, in the last de******ion of the so-called Cathedral site before the WORKS by GNM commenced,which was made by William Adams (2009) in his two-volume WORK
    The Churches of Nobadia
    , there is only the following comment
    1
    : “
    The only visible remnants of a cathedral are four monolithic granite columns, rising from a featureless, rubble- strewn plain.
    ” (Adams 2009, vol. I, 61). There is thus a clear lack of knowledgeabout the medieval period on Sai in general, and about the so-called Cathedral site in particular, which the GNM project is aiming at filling out.In the
    First Glimpses into the Medieval Period on Sai Island
    , a de******ion of the features of site 8-B-500 was provided as observed on the surface last year andbefore any systematic archaeological WORK had started (cfr. Hafsaas Tsakos andTsakos 2009, 79). Before reporting on the progress and outcome from the secondseason’s fieldwork, however, it is worthwhile to describe the measures taken to protect the site in view of a long-term archaeological project.
    1
    In p. 400 of volume II, however, he also makes the following suggestion: “…at Kitogga [sic], nearthe Dal Cataract, there are remains of a quarry where monolithic columns of black Sudan granitewere quarried … This is the material used in the Cathedral of Sai Island …”. Inspired by thede******ion of the granite quarry at Kitfogga found in a copy of Vila’s (1976, 72-73) survey south of the Dal in the French dig-house on Sai in 2009, the GNM independently verified in February 2010that the mineralogical composition of the rock in the small quarry of grey granite seems identical tothe one used for the stonework at site 8-B-500. The mineralogical composition of the far moreabundant quarrying of pink granite seems to be the same as the granite of the destroyed Church of Stone Pavements at Old Dongola. Professor W
    ł
    odzimierz Godlewski kindly gave us permission totake samples of this rock. Samples from all three sites (Sai, Kitfogga, and Old Dongola) are now in the hands of the geologist, Director General of the National CORPORATION for Antiquities andMuseums, Dr. Abdelrahman Ali.
    77
    The protection of site 8-B-500
    Before any excavations could start at site 8-B-500, the car traffic between the ferrydock and the villages of Saisab and Morka had to be diverted, as the road wastraversing the site and causing damage to the buried archaeological record. Afterreceiving the consent of both the inspector of National Corporation for Antiquitiesand Museums (N.C.A.M.) and of the local people, we hired the owner of a tractorto broaden an old donkey track in order to make a new road from the ferry toSaisab. This not only bypasses the site, but is also a shortcut to Saisab from the ferrydock.The next protective measure was to set up five road signs, which were madefrom resources and by competence available on Sai. A local ironsmith made thesigns and a local teacher painted the in******ions. The sign set up at the ferry dock was the first ever on the island. It guides the drivers in both English and Arabic in the direction of the five villages of Sai as well as to the antiquities. The second sign was set up before the large irrigation channel that separates the plain of the Qalat (Arabic: fortress) Sai from the northern end of the island (where the cathedral site isalso located). It graphically leads the visitors to the main archaeological sites:“please walk to the church site” and “keep on driving for Qalat Sai”. A third sign isset on the road running south-north west from site 8-B-500 and indicates that the oldroad from Morka to the ferry, the one that ran through the site, is no longeravailable to vehicles. Last but not least, at both the eastern and western entrances tothe site itself, there are signs set up that welcome the visitors in three ********s andfour ******s: the official Arabic text prepared by the inspector of N.C.A.M. wastranslated into English and into the local Nubian dialect, which was subsequentlywritten in the ******s of both Old Nubian and Arabic (Fig. 1).However, in a place that has no experience of road signs and regulations, wecould not trust that these measures would be sufficient to protect the site fromvehicles crossing it. In order to reinforce the blockage of access to the site, we alsohired a local expert of the
    jalous
    technique (a way of construction consisting of layers made by a mixture of mud, dung, and water) for the building and decoration of two gates in the traditional manners for both Sai and the rest of the region.The last and perhaps most important task for protecting the site – not onlyfrom car traffic – is

    the promotion of its significance to the local people. After all it is their heritage, and only the inhabitants of Sai themselves can supplement activelythe legal decisions of the Sudanese state to protect such sites. In order to make an informed choice, however, the locals need to be aware of the character of the siteand its importance in the cultural history of the island and the broader region. One of the means for achieving such a task is through public lectures. Therefore, GNMorganized one at the school of Morka together with the inspector Sami El Amin andwith the support of the teacher Maarouf. He was also the person who translated intoNubian the signs welcoming visitors to the site, and the same who actually wrote that text in the old Nubian ******, being one of a few individuals with this knowledge on Sai.
    89
    APPENDIXReport from the activities on Sai in January 2012
    In 2012, due to financial and family issues, the Greek-Norwegian ArchaeologicalMission was represented in Sudan only by Alexandros Tsakos. There was no scope forexcavations on Sai, only for completing the ********ation of the rock in******ionslocated in 2009 and recorded in their majority in 2010. Moreover, some sites that areof interest to the Medieval Sai Project were reported as attacked by looters. Theconditions of sites 8-B-500, 8-G-51, and 8-G-507 were thoroughly checked and thesituation discussed with the local guards.
    Recording of rock in******ions
    The in******ions on the rocks of the cliffs next to the river, in the stretch of the islandbetween the dig house and the fortress were first recorded by Sayce (1910) and lateron
    Ł
    ajtar (2001) published one of them. This group of rock in******ions was left unrecorded in the previous two seasons due to the extremely large number of theobnoxious nimitti flies that were always present there (for the nimitti, see Lewis1954). Thanks to the lack of nimitti this year, the graffiti were thoroughly inspected under different light conditions, and both those known from earlier were traced andnew ones were identified. All the graffiti on the cliffs between the dig house and thefortress will be published together in the future.
    Illegal digging
    As reported already by friends and colleagues who had visited Sai in 2011, bothnewly built gates at site 8-B-500 (see above, p. 77 and fig. 1) were by-passed byvehicles. The gates have also experienced slight destructions, which cannot be firmlyattributed to purposedful acts.They might be linked, though, with the substantial drilling of the ground forthe construction of four large circular cement bases, less than 50 meters east fromArea B and amidst the cultivation fields. These will receive the pylon bringingelectrical power from the mainland to Sai Island. Such a construction is surely not helping GNM’s efforts to protect and promote site 8-B-500.Moreover, a new medieval grave was opened and dug illegally in Area B. On the 16
    th
    of January, the director of fieldwork on Sai, Florence Doyen, the newinspector from N.C.A.M., Huda Magzoub, and Alexandros Tsakos visited 8-B-500and prepared a detailed report of the state of the site after consultation with the localguard Zakarias.The grave had a typical barrel-vaulted mud brick substructure of the Christian tradition in northern Sudan. From the bones found around the looted tomb, it wasestimated that two adult individuals were buried therein. The quite good state of preservation of the skin in parts, and especially the hands, suggests a rather latedating in the Medieval era.


    90Textiles – with colour decoration – were found among the debris, but it is not clear whether they were part of clothing or of a kind of shroud that one or bothindividuals were wearing.Moreover, two fragments of terracotta stelae were also scattered around thegrave, but the surely old breaks cannot link them directly to the disturbance of theburial. The total number of funerary stelae from Christian Sai is now 39 (Tsakos in print).The bones, the textile, and the stela fragments that were outside the burial pit were collected, brought back to the house, photographed, and stored with the rest of the objects of the Medieval period organized since 2010.Concerning the threats from illegal digging on Sai, an independent mission from Khartoum organized by N.C.A.M. and S.F.D.A.S. visited Sai in early summer,but there has not yet been found any solution to the problem. Undoubtedly, the goldrush in Nubia has aggravated the situation for the archaeological sites of the region.
    Acknowledgements
    The short visit to Sudan and Sai in 2012 was made possible thanks to the financialsupport of the Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture at the Academyof Norway and the Norwegian foundation of School Teacher Bendixen.


    91
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    Adams, W.Y., 2009,
    The Churches of Nobadia
    , 2 vols., Sudan ArchaeologicalResearch Society Publication Number 17, OxfordAlexander, J.A., 1995, The Turks on the Middle Nile,
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